فصلنامه پژوهش در بهداشت محیط
سال یکم شماره 2 (تابستان 1394)

One of the industries producing environmental pollutant is the rubber industry, which has a lot of in environmental dangers. This study was conducted in the purpose of investigation on Ozone and coagulant material’s (Aluminum sulfate –Ferric chloride) efficiency in waste water treatmentof Rubber Industry. In this work Rubber industries with the industrial waste volume over 2500 m3 per mount was studied. In order to qualitative evaluation of wastewater in this industry, the reduction of turbidity and the amount of COD were considered as the qualitative criteria. In this study, the reduction rate of COD by chemical treatment with Ferric chloride after ozonation was 34 percent and the wastewater of chemical treatment with aluminum sulfate after ozonation shown 48 percent, the reduction of COD. One of the scientific and practical approaches for the treatment of wastewater in these industries is the use of complex process like chemical coagulation and ozonation along with possible biological processes.

Water is the major challenging issue worldwide. In Iran, water shortage is more serious than other countries because it is located on arid and semi-arid region. The objective of this research was modeling of drought effects on variation of chemical water quality in the wells of Kashaf Rood area in Mashhad plain in 2006-2010. Quality and levelraw data(2006-2010) of 16 drinking water wells in Kashaf Rood area and also meteorological parameters were extracted. Data were analyezed by SPSS and Excel softwares and modeled was by STELLA software.Normal and Pearson corrolate test were used in significance level α= 0.05, to understand relationship between water level and quality. Ground water level from 2006 to 2010 have had 6 meter loss. Mashhad plain experienced the least rainfall with an average annual 104.7 mm in 1998-99 and the most rainfall with an minimum annual 414.6 mm. Maximum temperature have been 35 to 40 0C in the hot months and also shortage rain and intensive water level loss were observed in these months in 1991-1992. Examination between water level variation and water ground indexes (TDS & TH) determined that all wells had no significant relationship between those parameters except wells No 5(p=0.028) and 9 (p=0.024). According to model results could be concluded model have good accuracy to estimate groundwater characteristics concentration. Mentioned ground water level loss in the area indicates need for appropriate planninig and management of water resources and rainfall so that will be prevented direct and indirect drought (ie: quality change).

Every week, hemodialysis patients need to approximately 400 l of water for producing dialysis fluids. So, the quality of water used for treatment of hemodialysis patients is an important factor. This study evaluated the performance of reverse osmosis systems of Yazd educational hospitalsdialysis centers for improving the quality of water used. In this study, 48 samples of input and output of reverse osmosis systems collected in two educational hospitals during October to December in 2013. Then samples analyzed from the aspect of the physicochemical parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate, chloride, total hardness (TH), EC and pH using standard methods of experiment and the results were analyzed using SPSS v.16. software. The findings of research showed that there is significant difference with 99% confidence between input water to reverse osmosis from aspect of calcium, TDS, EC, pH. Results of paired T-Test and evaluation of performance of reverse osmosis showed that there is significant difference between water quality, before and after of system in the hospital No.1. Except chloride and sodium, there is a significant difference between water qualities in two phases in the hospital No.2. The results of this research showed that reverse osmosis system improves the quality of water used for hemodialysis significantly, but in continuous operation may be faced with reduced efficiency. Thus, using combination methods of water treatment is necessary to prevent the physicochemical pollution for ensuring the hemodialysis with good quality.

Oil and grease causes damages for aquatic organisms, soil ecosystem, and mutagenic and carcinogenic for human. The aim of this research was to study the reduction of pollution of oil and grease of steel mill wastewater with Air Flotation system. At first phase of this examination the sampling performed of raw wastewater for determine amount of oil and grease, COD, TS, TDS, TSS, Turbidity and Alkalinity. The second phase flotation with dispersed air performed at pilot vessel and the second sampling performed for determinationof removal efficiency of oil and grease in 3 different concentration and 4 different retention time and measured for other parameters in best concentration and retention time. The retention time were selected 30, 45, 60 and 90 min and concentrations were 591 mg/l, 386 mg/l and 277 mg/l. removal efficiency for parameters of oil and grease, COD, TS, TDS, TSS, Turbidity, Alkalinity, obtained %48, %46, %37, %36, %82, %89, %6. This study showed with increases of retention time from 30minute to 90minute removal efficiency for all of parameters gently increased but between 60 and 90 minute retention time removal efficiency was almost stable. Removal efficiency in high concentration of oil and grease(591mg/l) was more than removal efficiency in low concentration of oil and grease (277mg/l).

Environmental Health Officers (EHO) being essential members of health systems play a key role in the prevention of disease and the environmental sanitation by consulting, inspecting, monitoring and law enforcing (if it’s necessary). Protection of the environment and promotion ofthe community health need to enforce strict rules so that the adverse effects of environmental pollution reduced as much as possible. This study was carried out to survey the knowledge of Environmental Health Officers about the executive process of legal item 13. This cross-sectional study was performed in 2014, after testing the validity and reliability of questionnaire, they were filled by inspectors.The questions regarding the Knowledge were scored. Relationship between the knowledge and demographic characteristics was analyzed by SPSSsoftware through statistical test including paired T-Test, one-way ANOVA andChi square test at a significant level of 0.05. The mean age of 54 Environmental Health Inspectors was equal to 34.2±6.2, and their mean job experience was 10.35±7.8 years. The number of people with a good knowledge was almost equal to the number of people with poor knowledge. The highest percentage of people (33.3%) had moderateknowledge. The relationship between knowledge with employment status (p= 0.036) and knowledge with academic degree (p=0.05) were significant. According to the obtained results and the importance of EHO’s role in the promotion of community health, it is necessary that a regular training program is structured to increase the EHO’s awareness in regard to the executive process of legal item13 after their employment and before their starting work.

The occupational musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent in different jobs. These have effects on results of works. The main objective of this study was the determination of the occupational risk factors for upper limbs musculoskeletal disorders in educational employees. In this historical cohort study, 350 employees were chosen from educational institutes. During this study, all employees were considered from the aspect of musculoskeletal health and its dependent problems.. In present study, Nordic questionnaire along with RULA and a check list forthe risk factors were took advantage of. Finally, SPSS 16 software was used to analysis of the obtained data through T-Test, Chi-2 and relative risk (P<0.05). The obtained results showed that the frequencies of musculoskeletal disorders were less than other studies. In investigation and comparison of occupational risk factors in employees, it was revealed that, amongst the employees with musculoskeletal disorders, work with computer, work above the shoulderlevel, flexion and extension and twisting on upper limbs were significantly more than the others (P<0.05). Also, Family history, previous history of the same disorders, smoking and psychological stress were related with musculoskeletal disorders (P<0.05). There is an appropriate situation in the educational institutes from the aspect of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders existence. There are non occupational and occupational risk factors in the educational centers. In order to prevention of chronic disorders, annual examinations are recommended.

Laboratory wastes are produced in small, but varied quantities. These wastes need to be managed correctly. Consequently, this research has undertaken a quantitative and qualitative assessment and management of the laboratory wastes of Zakaria Razi Laboratory Complex in TehranScience Research Branch Islamic Azad University. This study, primarily with the help of interviews, determined the most productive laboratories of the Complex, which then led to the selection of two educational laboratories and two research laboratories for qualitative and quantitative sampling. After sampling which the samples werecatalogued according to the four categories of corrosive, toxic, flammable and reactive. The findings of this research show that 54% of the hazardous waste of the research laboratories is flammable and in the educational laboratories 56% of the waste produced is corrosive. In most of the laboratories in this complex (88%), a list of the hazardous waste produced is not compiled and stored, and in all but 16% of the laboratories where hazardous waste is disposed after being secured in appropriate containers, this waste is poured into the drain without any proper management. A list of produced wastes in each laboratory is required to be prepared, using the laboratory operator’s assistance.

Swimming pools being some of the popular sport centers are able to potentially receive some pollutants such as nasal secretions, saliva and urine and endanger the health of swimmers. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial and fungal pollution of swimming pools in Karajcity and effect of some environmental factors on it. In this study, 7 pools and 103 samples including water and environmental surfaces were evaluated with standard methods. Residual chlorine, pH, number of swimmers and temperatur were studied. SPSS statistical software (version 19) was used for data analysis and the P-value was ≤ 0.05. research showed that the average of PH and residual chlorine was 7/5 & 2/20 ppm, correspondingly. 24/27% of samples were positive for one or more fungal contamination. Aspergillus spp were 65/71%, Candida spp 20%, Rodotrolla spp 2/86%, other filamentous fungi 8/57% and other yeast species 2/86%.MPN test in 93/4% and HPC test in 84/6% were in the standard range. Results of tests with carpet samples showed the highest contamination was in dressing room. statistical analysis indicated that there is a direct relationship between decrease of residual chlorine, increase of number of swimmers with increaseof contamination. Test results indicate the presence of bacterial and fungal contamination in water and equipment pools. It is proffered to use the filtration and chlorination systems and teaching people about compliance hygiene.