نشریه تحلیل های اقتصادی توسعه ایران
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 14، بهار 1396)

This study investigates the effect of financial development on income inequality and poverty in Iran by using the Auto regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) method during 1978-2016. The results indicate that financial development has reduced the income inequality in the long-run. The effect of per capita income on income distribution confirms the Kuznets’ inverted U-hypothesis. In addition, Gini coefficient increases and income distribution gets more inequitable with an increase in inflation rate. Furthermore, there is a long-run relationship between the ratio of social security expenses to government expenditure and income inequality. The results also indicate that financial development; increases in per capita income and social security expenses reduce poverty. Moreover, both income inequality and poverty decrease due to financial development. Therefore, financial development through increasing the efficiency of financial institutions and reducing the cost of financial intermediation may reduce both poverty and income inequality.

Achieving positive economic consequences among national economies has induced governments to adopt structural reforms, economic re-engineering and privatization. The privatization policy in micro level has been examined in a large number of researches; however the macroeconomic effects of privatization, especially the effect of privatization on tax revenues, have been neglected. For the period of 2004-2014, this study tests the hypothesis whether privatization affects tax revenues in Iran. Using GMM, the estimation results show that privatization reduces tax revenues. This finding contradicts theoretical expectation

Today, the informal employees are responsible for large shares of employment rate in developing countries including Iran. The informal sector, due to either hiding from government controls or lack of government confrontation because of its importance in job creation, is of significant impact on reduction of revenues in Social Security Organization. Since the major revenues of social security are based on receiving premiums in Iran, the increasing share of the informal sector in one region reduces number of insured people, and lessens revenues of the social security organization. Thus, if parts of informal sector employees can be shifted to the formal sector by government support, this shift will have a positive impact on social security revenues. This paper examines the shift of informal employment into formal employment in the urban areas of Kurdistan province and its effect on social security revenues. The results show that the highest shares of social security revenues are lost in construction, industry, wholesale and retail sale sectors. Therefore, social security revenues will increase considerably through shifting informal employment into formal employment in these sectors.

Identifying factors affecting tax revenues which depend on economic, political, social and cultural capacity is of great importance in macroeconomics. Tax, as one of the most important means of financing, has always been a matter for policy makers and planners from the point of view of macro- and microeconomics. In this regard, the main purpose of this research is to compare the effects of good governance between developing and developed countries from 2000 to 2013. To this end, we use generalized method of moments (GMM) in the form of panel data. The results show that good governance has significant and negative effect on tax revenues in developing countries. But this effect is positive and significant among developed countries. In addition, the sensitivity analysis indicates that good governance has higher positive effect on GDP and tax revenues in the developing and developed countries, respectively

The growing non-performing loans (NPLs) and increment of their shares to more than 15% of loans, along with increasing doubtful accounts’ share to more than 60% of loans, make NPLs as main threat for banks and credit institutions. The increase in NPLs volume has significant effects on behaviour of banks and institutions as two sides of such loans. The increasing cost of financial intermediation and reduction of profit margins are some of such effects in this area. So risk-taking and investment of banks could be affected. In this paper profitability of banks in such loans is investigated. For this purpose growth effect of expired loans, NPLs and doubtful accounts on return on asset and equity have been evaluated. In this regard, a panel regression model is run for sixteen banks of Iran during 2005-2012. The results show that NPLs and doubtful accounts have negative and significant effects on banks’ profitability. However there is significant and positive relationship between the expired loans and profitability of banks