Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection
Volume:4 Issue: 4, Nov 2017

The current study aimed at describing the incidence, etiology of surgical site infections (SSI), and compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section during a 3.5 years period in a community hospital.
Prospective data were collected to monitor the incidence of SSI and compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis in 450 patients undergoing the procedure from January 2013 to June 2016.
The mean age of the patients was 31.8 years, 14.3% had diabetes mellitus, 4.73% had overweight, and 54.4% of the procedures were elective; also, 69.8% of the procedures had risk index (RI) 0, 26.3% RI 1, and 16 patients had RI 2 and 3. Nine patients with SSI were reported, 8 with superficial incisional and 1 organ-space infections. The pooled infection rate in 2013 was 4.44%, followed by 1.10% in 2014, 1.52% in 2015, and 2.56% in January to June 2016; in addition, 1.04% of the study subjects were RI 0 and 4.50% RI 1. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 2 patients, and Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia in 1 patient, respectively. Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis increased from 53.5% in 2013 to 94.9% in January to June 2016.
The current study findings showed the effect of a multidimensional program to prevent surgical site infection in cesarean section, and the need to strengthen it.

Many clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit antibiotic-resistance and it is the main cause of hospital infections.
The current study aimed at evaluating the diversity of genes coding for antibiotic resistance in clinical and environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa in Hamadan, West of Iran.
In the current cross sectional study, 100 clinical and 50 environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from October 2013 to May 2014. The standard disk diffusion method (SDD) was performed to test antibiotic susceptibility. All isolates were evaluated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of class 1 integrons and genes encoding resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. The relationship between antibiotic resistance and integrons was tested by the 2-tailed chi-square (χ2) or the Fisher exact tests. P values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
The most common antibiotic resistance was to cotrimoxazole (61.3%). The least observed resistance was to meropenem (9.3%) and piperacillin /tazobactam (12%). The result of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for amikacin showed that 20% of the strains were resistant, 15% had intermediate resistance, and 65% were sensitive. Class 1 integrons were found in 57% of the isolates. The aminoglycoside-resistance cassette included aadA (confers resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin) and aphA1 (encoded aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase) genes were the most prevalent in the isolates.
Antibiotic resistance had a high prevalence in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and was commonly associated with class 1 integrons. The knowledge of drug resistance patterns helps to apply effective antibiotic treatments and appropriate infection control measures to prevent the spread of infection in hospitals.

Shigella dysenteriae are Gram-negative and non-sporulating bacteria that cause illness in epithelial tissue of the colon and rectum. According to a preliminary analysis, rare or no reports could introduce highly reliable and specific genes, primers, and probes for S. dysenteriae recognition. Thus, it is necessary to detect specific genome parts in S. dysenteriae that could be used in diagnostic laboratories to recognize S. dysenteriae species confidently.
Identification of specific S. dysenteriae genome regions as DNA-barcodes was the main objective of the current study to accrue detection of this species. To this end, S. dysenteriae genome was compared with other Enterobacteriaceae genomes.
Results indicated that there is little genetic distance between S. dysenteriae and E. coli, and most of the genes are common between these 2 species. The lowest genome fluidity was observed between S. dysenteriae and Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica. Furthermore, the largest number of orthologous genes was observed between S. dysenteriae and E. coli (O157_H7). All previous markers and virulent genes were also evaluated in the current study. However, no specific DNA barcodes were identified among already identified genes. Additionally, all regions of S. dysenteriae genome were investigated in the current study using specific region identifier programs by comparison with other Enterobacteriaceae strains.
Finally, eight specific DNA-barcodes were identified in the current study that could be beneficial for specific recognition of S. dysenteriae strains.

Intestinal parasites are one of the most important human infections in many tropical and sub-tropical areas.
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their association with some demographic factors in patients referred to the Ghamar Bani Hashem hospital Khoy, West Azarbaijan province.
This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2014 to March 2016. Stool samples of 5610 patients referred to the Ghamar Bani Hashem hospital were examined using the formalin-ether concentration and direct smear methods. Determination of intestinal parasites was based on the morphological characteristics of the parasites. The scotch tape method was used for detection of Enterobius vermicularis ova in 133 suspected individuals. Microscopic results were recorded and analyzed.
A total of 5610 people (51.6% male and 48.4% female) were examined. The mean age of the patients was 47.26 ± 1.3. Among these, 32.1% were infected to at least 1 of the intestinal parasites. Prevalence of protozoa and helminths parasites was 30.1% and 1.2%, respectively. The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites was: Blastocystis sp.12.9%, Giardia lamblia 11%, Entamoeba coli 4.1%, Iodamoeba butschlii 2.1%, Endolymax nana 1.5%, Entamoeba histolytica/E.dispar 0.25%, Trichomonas hominis 0.09%, Ascaris lumbricoides 0.09%, Hymenolypis nana 0.03%, and Enterobius vermicularis 4.5%.
Although the highest prevalence was in the age group of 20 - 29 years (31.8%), there was no significant relationship between age and parasite infection. However, a significant relationship was observed between the Giardia lamblia infection and age.
Human intestinal parasite infections, especially protozoan infection, are still abundant in the Khoy region. Adequate knowledge and periodic surveillance of the prevalence of parasites and the variables that affect frequency are important for effective control.

Bacteria are capable of developing resistance against the effect of antibacterial agents used in eliminating them from their typical environment. This should be monitored to ensure an economic practice while eliminating or preventing bacteria in an environment.
The aim of this study was to isolate and identify environmental bacteria and investigate their ability to resist antibacterial effects of biocides and antibiotics.
Environmental samples were collected and different bacterial isolates were obtained and characterized. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out on 6 of the obtained isolates.
Six different bacterial species were isolated and characterized from the environmental samples, including Staphylococcus aureus (32%), Klebsiella spp. (20%), Salmonella spp. (16%), Proteus spp. (15%), Staphylococcus spp. (11%), and Serratia spp. (6%). The most effective biocides were the Tiscol disinfectant and Dettol antiseptics while the most effective antibiotic was Tarivid. However, all the tested isolates showed different levels of resistance to all the antibacterials.
Biocide and antibiotic resistant bacteria species were isolated from the environment and most of them showed some resistance to administered antibacterials; Staphylococcus aureus was the most resistant organism to antibiotics while Proteus spp. was the most resistant to the 3 biocides. The 3 biocides had different rates of inhibition, with Tiscol disinfectant and Dettol antiseptics having greater effectiveness against all the isolates.