نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 7 (زمستان 1394)

In historical-social stratification, the errant were a group of people who had chosen particular ethical principles and combat foundations in order to help the poor. In many sources, their security and defense role in combating against the oppressor rulers has been highlighted, and some other sources have called these errant as the origin of disorder and unrest. So it is necessary to do a systematic research on the subject. Hence, done by a descriptive-analytical method, this research tries to answer this question: What role have the errant played in the Islamic Era? The findings indicate that the errant have had two positive and negative functions: 1. security-defense function in helping the poor and the oppressed: they had introduced themselves as the defenders of people rights against the oppression of Caliphs, rulers and emirs; 2. The findings also shows that the errant have adopted robbery and theft at the time of death or deposing of Caliphs or rulers under the cover of errantry in the fifth century, and by murdering and robbing the properties of the rich have created disorder in society.

The growth of consuming and trading narcotics in Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi era had negative consequences including robbery, smuggling and other impacts of misusing the drugs. The policies adopted for increasing sale of opium annihilated the deterrence measures and paved the way for consuming them. Different political, court and military statesmen occupied in consuming and smuggling narcotics, and they gained huge profits in this regard. Some Pahlavi statesmen were partners with international mafia of narcotics in different parts of the world. One of these statesmen was Felix Aghayan who was regarded as an international smuggler. In this article, done by descriptive-analytical method, we try to examine the role of influent people like Felix Aghayan in promoting the phenomenon of drug smuggling in Mohammad Reza Shah era and prove that Pahlavi regime statesmen occupied in consuming or smuggling narcotics as a profitable business.

New divisions in the geographical spheres of Satraps were a crucial issue in Dariush I Era Iran, following that the administerial organization of Satraps changed dramatically according to the security needs of Iran. It seems that the revolt of some Satraps in Achaemenid Era and some observatory weaknesses of the kingdom culminated in dividing the administerial-political geography of these lands so that they could not revolt again. Armenia in Dariush I era also witnessed crucial changes including changes in administrating the land so that order and security be established in the Satrap. The Greek sources and clay tablet documents confirms that crucial changes have been happened in the figures of the Satraps. In this research, the authors try to explain the administerial-security developments of Armenia in the mentioned time period by using descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that the Achaemenid Government had to retreat its policy regarding respect for teritorial integrity of its Satraps and do new administerial -security reforms in order to control and manage easily the crucial crises of its vast geographical realm. This was not possible except through minimizing the geographical sphere of Satrap's administerial-political area.

Mohammad Ali Shah used the divide between Constitutionalists and Shar’iatists on the one hand and the influence of court camp followers and authoritarians on the other, to shell the parliament by the Qazaq force in 1908 so the Constitutional era ended and the Minor Despotism began. As savers and instruments of enforcing Mohammad Ali Shah's orders, the Qazaq controlled Tehran after shelling the parliament and used Nazmieh as a passive force in their military equations. After the conquest of Teheran and fall of Mohammad Ali Mirza, anarchy and turbulence started and Nazmieh appeared as a significant institution for establishing order and security. This article has been formed around the question: What were the tasks of Nazmieh in the Minor Despotism era and what was the function of this security force? The findings of this research, done by descriptive-analytical method, indicate that Nazmieh forces during the Minor Despotism era were used as an enforcement lever for Qazaq in their mission for repressing the Constitutionalists, and Yafrem Khan Armani as the first chief of Nazmieh after the Minor Despotism managed to consolidate the foundations of Constitutional Government by organizing Nazmieh and giving its ordinary route on the basis of determined tasks for establishing order and security in Iranian society.

By observing European huge progresses, the Qajar kings, like other rulers of the region, noticed a new concept named modernization of state. The issue of confrontation of regional powers with each other on the one hand and with European powers, on the other, made the kings to start these reforms from their military forces and army. To operationalize such an enterprise needed expertise and the kings had to employ European military officers individually or in groups. But the paradox was that the aim of European colonizers of sending these military consulting groups was to promote their own strategic and political interests, and colonial rivalries; an issue which was not necessarily in the same direction of designing a coherent, modern and strong army for Iran. This article illustrates the historical trajectory of entering military officers; the officers who entered Iran individually or in formal military groups from European empires such as UK, France, Australia, Italia, Russia and Sweden in order to modernize Iranian military forces. This article also deals with the significant impacts of these individuals and groups and their states on Iran.