نشریه ادبیات پهلوانی
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1393)

The Shahnameh of Firdausi has been regarded as the Iranian national epic and as a treasure trove in which Iranians can find their identity. The epic was created when the time was ripe for the poetical recomposition of oral anecdotes and for the artistic reformulation of ancient traditions handed down by the cultural guards of our national identity without interruption even during the Islamic period. Although peasant farmers played a key role in the narration of traditions، Firdausi`s power as an epic author served as the main reason for the composition of our national epic and the creation of the eternal work of art in a way that Iran`s ancient traditions could be preserved in the most elegant way. As for the reason for the creation of this great epic، the researcher can ask the following question: What contributed to the composition of the Shahnameh? (Only the overflowing creative talent of Firdausi and his pure nationalistic sense of duty، or the conditions of the poet`s time as well?) The present paper explains the political، social، religious، literary، and cultural conditions of Firdausi`s time and their contributing effects on the creation of the Shahnameh، with the findings showing that the well-known epic was the result، and the function، of Firdausi`s time.

The Odyssey of Homer's epic is one of the world's poetic story which can be studied from different viewpoint. In literary criticism, the obscure and unknown aspects of epic will be clear by studying the psychological and alchemical of Odyssey. The Odyssey of Homer is description of Ulysses’ story who is Greek hero. He wants to return his home land from the Trojan War but on the way back he was involved in many adventures and faced many dangers and experiences. The Odyssey is traveling to unconsciously soul Ulysses and the discovery of contents and hidden and clear aspects of it. In this study, we want to study odyssey's mysterious travel and individuation process based on the analysis of Jung's psychological and alchemical. Individuation process happens when the center character the conscious self is transferred to the area between conscious and unconscious. Person tries to clear his unknown spiritual life and makes life balanced and sustainable. So Ulysses must pass a difficult path and in this mysterious journey he faced with his unconscious archetypes and he should be acquainted with them to achieve the ultimate goal and integrity. Since there are nearly relation between Jung's archetypes and Alchemy thinking, Ulysses character can be described as an Alchemy who change his parts of lowly existence into valuable things like gold that means the unity of opposites which is reaching entirety and self.

The uprising of Imam Hossein (PBUH) among all the revolutions in the history of Islam takes the first and highest rank in creating poems and intellectual materials. The depth of the tragedy is so intensive and expressive which unconsciously makes the Poet emotional feelings impressed, shed tears and grieve by saying poems and as Imam Jafar Sadegh (PBUH) has asserted, the name and the memory of Imam Hossein is as an immortal tradition which sheds tears of every believer and makes them cry while mourning during his anniversary and religious ceremonies. “Rasa” (admiring and highlighting the character of the sacred or respected individual), considers as one of the remarkable purposes of Imam Hossein (PBUH) Poetry in all the eras. This school of Poetry is not only confined to the Arab Literature but also the Persian literature has passed the same way in this aspect and may not be an exaggeration to claim that has left the Arab literature behind. The present paper attempts to analyze the features of “Rasa”, the memory of Imam Hossein and particularly the evolutions and modifications of which in the Abbasid era Poetry.

Story of Siavash is one of attractive story in shahnameh so that show us Siavash as a symbole of sincere, honest, truthfulness and chastity. Key note in this story is formed around the mother of Siavoosh so that bring up several questions and some other presumption about identity of Siavoosh. All of these theories, otherwise of their novelties, have their fault and weakness so that scholars like Khaleghimotlagh, Eslaminedooshan, Aidanloo in their researchs pay more attension to this with so many doubts. In this paper briefly we pay attention to all different theories about mother of Siavoosh and it will be supposed that all idias gathers with each other and it tries to be one theory come to end with new part and transcriptions.

Despite many obstacles and difficulties, FerdowsisShahnameh, as a literary masterpiece and record of national identity, entered the lives of people right after its publication. Thenceforth, generations of people have chosen different forms of preserving this masterpiece, according to their time and lifestyle. Minstrelsy or performance of Shahnameh is among these forms. This famous and ancient form, despite all its values, is giving its place to new dramatic forms. Shahnameh's artistic language and its dramatic aspects has given modern artists the opportunity to form its stories into other literary forms, including drama. To show the strong dramatic aspects of Shahnameh, we have chosen five plays derived from the story of Siavash in Shahnameh. To identify and analyze the values and the shortcomings of these plays we have applied Wagner's categories of imitation. This study shows that the playwrights are usually inclined to interpretive imitation, and that comparative imitation and displacement are done not according to the general audience, but according to the modern tendencies in literature an art.

Epic is one of the most important literary forms that tells of a nation's attempt to acquire civilization and grandiose. For some reasons Arabic literature lacks an epic masterpiece. However, there are some epic-like works in various periods of old Arabic literature which are the subject of this paper. In the period of Ignorance, there were some in the Muallaghat such as the Sirah of 'Antarah-ibn-Shaddad and the self-praises and war poems. There are also traces of epic poems in the Saalik poet's works. one of the most prominent poets of the Abbasid period that have written poems on pride and epic is Abu-FerasHamdani. Another epic-like work in this period is Fath-al-Fotuh by Abu Tamam. Safi-al-Din Helli is the pioneer among epic poets in the Decline Age. Lack of imagination and deep thinking, imitation, and lack of a unified nationality are some of the reasons behind lack of a prominent epic masterpiece in Arabic literature.