فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیایی برنامه ریزی شهری
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1395)

Cities are engines of economic growth and social development, and also the nodes of capital accumulation and specialized services; but, the employment aspect is easily overlooked in urban development strategies. Employment is one of the most important factors through which economic growth can be led into poverty reduction and less income inequality. The study of workers of economic sectors is of great importance; the identification of each sector in the structure of worker population of regions is useful to economic planning for their future development. Regarding the importance of this matter, this paper attempts to study periodic changes of urban population employment in economic parts in 24 seasonal periods since spring 2005 t0 spring 2011, and comparative analysis of employment situation of provinces of Iran and finally, explore the relationship among different economic sectors’ employment. For exploring employment situation and giving clear view of vicissitudes trends of the provinces during the studied period, the assessment of provinces’ employment changes has mainly done in comparison to changes of national level; for this purpose, it was used the third part of shift-share model which determines the economic situation of a province in comparison to national level. This paper also considers the relations among economic triple sectors. The analyses were done by Shift-share model, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and cluster analysis; the graphs of the trend of employment indicator changes in economic sectors and the maps of spatial distribution of provinces were represented.

Today cities are the main place of work and life of the majority of human. More than 50% of 6 billion people in the world live in cities. Hence, paying attention to the quality of life ,conditions ,facilities and needs of the urban inhabitants is a vital issue. Considering numerous problems of the cities, a variety of approaches have been proposed in order to promote and improve the conditions of life in cities of which urban livability is one of the most recent. Nowadays, in most developed countries , livability has been developed and considered as a guiding principle within the framework of discourse of sustainability in urban planning and policies .This paper ,while introducing livability as the dominant approach in urban planning in the contemporary world, analyzes the theoretical origin, affecting views and its theoretical-practical literature .This research is fundamental-theoretical in respect of the objective and the data have been provided in library-documentary method . The findings of papers indicate that considering today’s conditions of most cities of the world, there is a general agreement concerning significance and necessity of recognition, analysis and defining urban livability in different aspects .However, there is no collective agreement on its definition, principles, parameters and indices. The main reason for difference in this case can be in the direct reliance of this concept on local and time conditions and beyond all, the social, economic and managerial ground of the target community.

In fact, the existence of billboards especially advertising billboards are necessary for urban life and the prevention of Visual pollution resulting from advertising and also visual beauty of the landscape are necessary; for existence of aesthetics need to be codified rules and laws. This research aims to identify the implementation of environmental advertising regulations and standards in the city of Lahijan and exploratory descriptive research method has been used. In this research we first review the basic concepts and definitions presented in the landscape and advertising. Then we extract a set criteria and indicators in relation to advertising, in the form of tables; after that we compare those indicators with the present situation index by observation and data collection methods (interviews, field data collection, capture and use of census data). Then we examine the strengths and weaknesses found in Lahijan landscape due to the existence of advertising billboards are created using SWOT; and finaly the conclusion is reached that despite the Lahijan advertising billboards compliance with standards and indicators in most cases, due to issues such as: installing inappropriate, non-standard physical properties, non-compliance with privacy standards of advertising boards and non-compliance quality lighting and low attention to cultural and historical background, do not have the visual desirability and it is necessary to carry out the reforms in this feild.

Knowledge and evaluation of land suitability and potential for physical development of urban settlement is the initial steps of spatial and environment planning. Therefore, this research has been try to investigate the effect of forms and natural processes in the physical development of Yasouj city based on knowledge data using GIS. Data Knowledge is include the using and application of numerical value of each parameter in site selection of physical development without acts opinions and preferences of expert. To achieve the objectives, first with respect to the natural features of study area, the 15 parameters and 84 classes had identified to explain the effect of natural forms and processes in the future locating of Yasouj city using data knowledge that each parameter has assigned the specific numerical value. After calculating the classes weight and designing the data knowledge models; raster layer of parameters are combined together based on the weight of the mentioned models in Arc GIS software, and attempted to provide a zonation map of future development of Yasouj city based on data knowledge. The results show the very suitable zone for that appropriate 41.72% (8.72 km2) of the current settlement area can expend to 77.45 km2 in future. Also, the suitable zone that involve 16.08% (3.36 km2) of the current settlement area of study area, can develop to 36.35 km2 based on future locating map of Yasouj City.

Environment, the basis for the formation of many behavioral characteristics. In other words, a lot of emotions, habits, preferences and even approach and takeoff and landing of the species dramatically affected the environment. The concern for the environment and trying to understand it, can understand the underlying root causes of many of the behaviors and norms that society takes shape. Given that learning is a social issue, can be interdisciplinary insight into urban areas, the physical and semantic factors in the environment as a platform for educating the citizens. Therefore, in this study, is based on the views of experts in urban environmental factors and criteria for teachers and citizenship education indicators based on expert's opinions on the role of Education identification and extraction, urban spaces HAMEDAN for the promotion of three didactic perspective, professional education, urban professionals and citizens to be analyzed. In the study of research methods, descriptive and methods of literature review and document image in the context of a literature review and case study methods and practices observed in the context of field studies and research have been used questionnaire . The results show urban spaces Hamadan potential for enhancing learning environments have the opportunity to citizens to environmental factors such as friendly attitude, walking, normal functions and activities, urban professionals on factors such as sense of belonging environmental, educational and color multi-functional spaces of belonging and professional education in environmental factors such as questions and curiosity, workshops and educational forums explain.

Lack of access to safe and secure housing is one of the main features of urban poverty. Housing is the most important productive asset that is guaranteeing the credit for livelihood. The price of land has a significant impact on housing supply; the circumstances that led to the development of illegal or informal land markets are Quantity and quality and availability of housing guarantee. Housing poverty in urban areas, primarily in the form of informal settlements the randomly scattered. One of the most important symbols in the awareness of living in these areas, according to the indicators of quality housing. Informal settlements, including cars and houses without legal identity, which are unevenly scattered around cities Informal settlements are prominent factor in urbanization and housing for the urban poor. Meanwhile, a resident of informal settlements housing quality depends on many factors, one of which is the individual factors. This means that each of the residents of informal settlements such as capital that can be effective in improving the quality of their housing. The capital that can contain individual residents of informal settlements is psychological capital. The importance of psychological capital in informal settlements, the aim of this paper is the relationship between housing quality and psychological capital in neighborhood Yusufabad of Tabriz.

This research aims to examine the role of education and awareness of citizens in the implementation of e-government in Mashhad. The research method is applied descriptive–survey one. Given the scope of the research field took place in Mashhad, a questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire is researcher-made and contains 41 questions in three domains of education, awareness and use of e-government services. In terms of variables the questions are designed in two categories (Nominal Qualitative - two option and Sequential Qualitative- Likert). Statistic Community is all citizens in 13-fold regions of Mashhad. The Sampling method is clustering in which three regions regarding the income distribution are selected as representative of the whole population. For this purpose, zone 1, as inclusive, zone 8, as mid-inclusive, zone 6, as less-inclusive are considered. Using Morgan table a sample size of 384 residents estimated. To analysis the data, SPSS software is used. results showed that citizen’s awareness and training and also use of electronic services in Mashhad was under the average level. Also mean of education, awareness and use of electronic services in the case study area showed that the current status of these three variables was different in three clustered areas of the research. Each of the three variables had the highest rate in zone 1 and then zone 8 and zone 6 in comparison to the other areas had more undesirable situation.