Focus on Science
Volume:2 Issue: 3, Jul-Sep 2016

Students spend about 6 hours a day. Ergonomic properties of school bag including bag weight, bag type, carrying method and bag size in relation to the students anthropometric dimensions are among the important causes of musculoskeletal pain and discomfort in students. In this study we assessed the effect of training on reduction of the symptoms and ergonomic correction of the school bag.
109 students in the 6th grade entered the study. Musculoskeletal complaints, ergonomic properties of school bag, and its carrying method were assessed before and after a training intervention. P-values less than 0.05 considered significant. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software using Student T-test, Paired T test and chi square test for variables with normal distribution and Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test for variables without normal distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the variables.
Bag weight was decreased significantly from 3.41 ± 0.48 kg before training to 2.60 ± 0.86 kg after training (P Our training program about ergonomic modification of school bag was effective specially on the lowering the bag weight, but not on bag ergonomics; this reduction in the bag weight resulted in the reduction of the neck, shoulder, and back pain.

Student overweight is the most mutual health problem among students. Lifestyle change to immobility is one of the main causes of increasing non-communicable diseases like overweight. The aim of this study was to evaluate overweight in students and its relationship with lifestyle.
In this case-control study, 100 obese students of Birjand, Iran in 2014, and 100 healthy controls matched for age and sex, were randomly selected. Overweight was diagnosed by BMI > 85th reference percentiles. Data were collected via questionnaire. Data were examined using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL) for windows.
One hundred students (54 males and 46 females) with an average age of 14.45 ± 1.45 years as a case group and 100 students matched for age and sex (51 males and 49 females) with an average age of 14.65 ± 1.60 years as a control group were analyzed. Students with a higher economic level of households were significantly more obese (P = 0. 01). It was, in addition, associated with overweight index (P = 0.049), hyperlipidemia (P = 0.001) in Parents, low physical activity and dietary habits. There was no significant relationship between overweight in students and other factors (P = 0.05).
According to our findings, overweight in students had a correlation with overweight and hyperlipidemia in their parents. We also concluded that calories from protein and carbohydrates were associated with an increased body mass index.

Now-a-days to overcome the difficulty of availability of climatic data, especially on a daily time scale, researchers prefer to use satellite data which has its wide applications in many fields viz. meteorology, hydrology, water resources models, climatic studies etc. However, it is essential to verify these data for more consistent with the observed data. In view of this, our study aimed to assess the TRMM data with that of observed rainfall data over the Indian region.
Observed rainfall data and TRMM data for 2001-2014 monsoon season were used. Analysis of data was carried out by programming and Microsoft Excel functions.
The TRMM values are to the higher side in the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2010, and 2015 whereas there is hardly any difference between the two in the years 2008 to 2014. The observed rainfall is more than TRMM rainfall in the years 2004 to 2007.
Observed rainfall and TRMM rainfall values for Jun-Sept period are comparable. There is high consistency between the estimates of these two data sets during 2008 to 2015 than the earlier seven years period.

Rapid identification of cocoa bean varieties is vital for the authentication in cocoa trade. This paper examines the use of Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy for nondestructive identification of cocoa bean cultivars.
In this study, five cocoa bean cultivars (IMC85 x IMC47, PA7 x PA150, PA150 x Pound7, Pd10 x Pd15 and T63/967 x T65/238) were scanned in the NIR range of 10000-4000 cm-1. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and Support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were performed comparatively to build discrimination models based on principal component analysis (PCA). The models were optimized by cross validation to ensure their stability.
The performance of SVM model was superior to LDA model. The optimal SVM model was achieved with five principal components (PCs) and an identification rate of 100% in both training set and prediction set.
The results proved that NIR spectroscopy technology with SVM algorithm can provide quick and reliable nondestructive analytical tool for the identification of cocoa bean cultivars and this would aid in quality control of cocoa bean.

Judgement and decision making are essential functions of the cognitive system. The present paper exposes key elements of the psychological theory which best accounts for human decision making. Decision making can be a flawed process. Loss aversion, framing effects, and differences across individuals are presented to highlight the irrational aspect of human risk taking. We reveal evidence of various cognitive distortions as compared to normalised decisions. It has been shown that expertise acquisition can compensate part of these cognitive distortions. Yet, recent evidence shows that experts in different civilizations retain civilizational risk propensities. Such evidence thus challenges the notion that knowledge is sufficient for perfect rationality in decision making; throwing the idea that politics is served by informed individuals making rational decisions under a severe cloud. The consequences of flawed human decisions regarding risk taking at a grand scale and by educated individuals is discussed. It is demonstrated that risk tolerance in different civilizations leads to different actions. This basic phenomenon is used to demonstrate how powerful states may misread potential reactions of less powerful states, which historically, can and has led to costly wars. Understanding the opponents’ psychology is a well-known factor for chess players, which, so far, has not been explored much in political psychology.

Dietary pattern of Iranian people gets gradually worse with tendency of fast foods. These patterns can affect the health of the various social groups. Nutrition transition is a global health problem. Identifying food patterns will be useful in nutrition policy making. The present review aimed to assess different aspects of the nutritional status in Iranian population.
Data Acquisition: In this review, Search conducted in MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS and Iranian databases using the combinations of the keywords with no language or time limits. All of articles from 1995 to 2015 reviewed. It was shown that total energy and total protein intake of Iranians were high. Bread products were the main sources of Iranian food consumption. Also, a deep gap is observable in nutritional deficiencies between urban and rural areas.
The selection of inappropriate dietary pattern among Iranian population has an increasing trend especially among children and women groups. New governmental decisions have focused proper general health programs and developing an optimal food basket.

Gaucher disease is one of recessive autosomal diseases, wide range of childhood diseases to the absence of symptoms throughout its life. That three types of is more common than other types, that comprises a wide range of clinical findings in childhood and may be seen in different parts of the body but Long bone involvement is common in Gaucher disease.
In this paper, 11-month-old baby girl suddenly lost the ability to walk and her loss of appetite, night sweats, severe irritability and weight reduction, Her parents were healthy and there was not a history of any special disease in both families and She hasn’t had a history of previous hospitalization, so using different tests and biopsies the Gaucher disease was diagnosed.
Careful consideration of signs and symptoms and medical history, with a thorough review of systems, is important when evaluating patients with lysosomal storage disorders. Signs such as splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia and developmental delay can be signs of Gaucher disease, so the presence of these signs should be investigated.