مجله تصویر سلامت
سال ششم شماره 4 (زمستان 1394)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic error which is caused by the deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) inverting phenylalanine to tyrosine. This disease is the most common form of hyperphenyalaninaemia stow which is inherited in a form of a predominant autosomal. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of occurrence of phenylketonuria disease in the world by using the systematic review and meta-analysis.
Material and The national and international databases such as Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed and OVID, Google scholar, IranDOC, IranMedex, SID, Magiran, have been searched from 1990 onwards, without language restrictions and by using the key words: phenylketonuria, prevalence, incidence, congenital diseases. A total of 304 articles related with this topic were found. Finally, 62 studies were accepted. Data were analyzed by using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software at 95% confidence level. The distribution of diseases was shown by using Geographic Information System software on the world map.
The findings showed that in 100000 people, the best estimate of the disease prevalence of phenylketonuria is 11.83 (95% CI: 10.22- 13.44) and the best estimate of the incidence of this disease is 8.2 (95% CI: 6.37- 10.03) in the world. The distribution of phenylketonuria disease has the highest rate in Europe and Asia and lowest rate in Africa and America, respectively.
According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that there is a wide variety in the occurrence of phenylketonuria in the world and recent studies have confirmed his. Therefore, because of the irreversible consequences of the disease, the development of the appropriate training and control programs is recommended to reduce the occurrence of the disease.

In recent years, policy-makers and researchers of health sector have paid more attention to considering rights of mental patients. Despite of increasing importance of the issue, there are few studies which explore rights of mental patients and the challenges for providing respective solutions. The aim of this study was to explore various studies conducted in Iran and other countries and extract respective solutions to meet the challenges.
Material and To conduct this review study, we collected relevant papers, theses and dissertations as well as related reports to mental patients’ rights. Local and global databases were searched to collect relevant data. In the next step, we followed articles of some special related journals. After collecting and categorizing the data, we extracted and categorized options for challenges of mental patients’ rights.
Solutions to meet challenges of mental patients’ rights (weaknesses in contemporary rights of mental patients, low or lack of awareness of mental patients and health workers about mental patients’ rights,) include options in rules and regulations level, macro policy-making level, conducting research, health services delivery level and strategic options according to analysis of weaknesses and failures related to mental patients’ rights and their needs
In order to respect mental patients’ rights and find solutions and correct deficiencies, we should improve the existing plans and policies related to mental patients’ rights, plan to identify weaknesses and failures and improve services to this group of patients.

Work alienation is related with negative consequences on the employees and the organization's efficiency. Persons, who experience alienation, have problems with their family, society and even themselves. Their physical and mental health is threatened. To avoid the disadvantages of the work alienation, organizations need to identify factors affecting the work alienation. The aim of this study was to identify factors affecting the work alienation in employees of East Azerbaijan province health insurance organization.
Material and This study was a descriptive cross sectional survey. The study population consisted of all employees of the East Azerbaijan health insurance organization. The sample size of the study was determined 143 people in accordance with the Cochran's sample size formula.The sample size was chosen randomly. Preliminary data were obtained by a standardized questionnaire. In order to gather the data, the Persian version of Job Alienation (Boeree, 2001), organizational justice questionnaire of Niehoff and Moorman (1993) and Minnesota’s job satisfaction (1967) questionnaires were used. Social trust, social efficacy and social satisfaction were measured by a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was approved and the questionnaires reliability with Cronbach’s Alpha was obtained higher than 0.70. The collected data were analyzed by statistical methods of T-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Tests,Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis by SPSS-16 (Chicago, IL, USA).
Findings showed that the average work alienation in women was significantly higher than men (P=0.015) but not significantly different at different levels of education. Work alienation was significantly reduced by increasing age (P=0.045) and it was significantly lower in married people than singles (P= 0.018). The findings indicated significant negative impact of social satisfaction (P According to the study findings, the work alienation is a function of social satisfaction, job satisfaction, social trust, job characteristics, organizational effectiveness and social justice. In order to reduce the work alienation, it is necessary to strengthen the mentioned components between staff.

Job satisfaction is one of the most important variables in organizational behavior and the key variable in organizational researches and theories as well. The aim of present investigation was to determine the level of job satisfaction among health sector staff of Tabriz Taleghani Educational Hospital.
Material and This cross-sectional study was performed in 2014. Health sector staffs of Taleghani Educational Hospital were studied through census method. Data collection tool was a questionnaire based on previous studies and consisted of 3 parts: demographic information (7 items), job satisfaction (21 questions) and factors related to employee dissatisfaction (10 items). After collecting and entering data into IBM SPSS software, independent t tests, chi-square and ANOVA were applied.
The highest level of job satisfaction was in the field of relationship with colleagues and lowest level of job satisfaction was related to salary and benefits. The most common cause of employee dissatisfaction was pressure and stressful working environment and the least cause was the improper distribution of employees based on workload.
According to the findings, the majority of job satisfaction among staff was at low and medium-level. Since job satisfaction is an important factor in the performance and quality of services provided by the hospital staff, it is recommended that managers and officials pay attention to defects and shortcomings and remove barriers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mental imagery training on reducing anxiety and increasing happiness among heart surgery patients.
Material and This study was semi-experimental along with experimental and control groups. First, Sampling was done by selecting heart disease patients who had referred to NoorNajat hospital in Tabriz. Next, based on the sampling target, of these, 40 were selected in the first stage and 20 of them were assigned to experimental group and 20 in control group randomly. Happiness and anxiety questionnaire was completed by them in their pre-test. For the participants in the experimental group, 10 sessions of mental imagery meetings were held for them as in groups at the hospital. When the meetings were finished, they were asked to complete the questionnaires again. For data analysis, descriptive and analytical statistics and single-variable analysis of covariance were applied.
The findings showed that the mean anxiety scores were significantly reduced and the mean score of happiness in experimental group was significantly increased in comparison with control group.
These results showed that mental imagery is effective on decreasing anxiety and increasing the happiness of heart surgery patients.

Improving socioeconomic situation and health status in communities had led to quality of life improvement and aging. Health systems must pay attention to the emotional needs of elderly people besides their health needs. This study aimed to study the elderly friendly center experience in Zafarenieh health center of Tabriz.
Material and This is a case study. Data were gathered using Focus Group Discussions (3 sessions) by the participation of elderly people and the elderly friendly center personnel in 2015. Also, center documents were reviewed. Thematic analysis was done to extract the meaningful themes.
Providing elderly care had increased their sense of quality of life. Being a member in peer groups and participating in social activities (like group exercise, poem and so on) had positive effects on their mentality.
Concurrent attention to the health and emotional needs of elderly would lead to improved quality of life of elderly people and their families.

Due to the large proportion of mental health problems and psychiatric disorders, research in the field of mental health is of great significance. The main objective of this study was to investigate the scientific productivity in the field of psychiatry in the Scopus database (2000-2012).
Material and In this study, we tried to examine 27,516 records of articles which were published in Scopus databases during 2000-2012. Then, by using scientometric method, we surveyed authors, active institutes and leading countries in this field and along side, core journals were studied in journal citation report by using impact factor.
The results showed that the United States of America, England and Germany are the top countries in the field of psychiatry. Also, there are 40 core journals in this field which have an impact factor higher than 3. London Kings College with 565 articles, VA Medical Center with a total of 534 articles and Harvard Medical School with 289 articles are on the top of active institutions in the field of psychiatry. In Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences with 37 articles, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences with 16 articles and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences with 9 articles were the most active universities in Iran in publishing articles. Among international authors, Biederman with13% of the articles, Birmaher with12% and Vitiello with11% have a considerable role in publishing in this field. In Iran Mohammadi with 9 articles, Akhundzade with 8 articles and Amini and Qanizadeh with 7 articles were active researchers. In comparison with other countries, Iran has a light portion of the research in this field but it has shown a growing trend in publishing in recent years.
The results of this research can be used as evidence for researchers to determine the path ahead in research and as a tool for strategic planning used in the mental health sector.

The increasing number of elderly in recent years has led to great changes in the country's healthcare system. One of these changes is developing geriatric nursing master degree. This paper, with non-systematic approach, presents an evaluation of geriatric nursing graduate program in Iran. According to the results, mission and curriculum of the course are written in details. The number of faculties and students is rising every year. It seems that “the teacher shortage” and “determining the accurate and appropriate job status” for graduates are the main challenges. Given the young nature of the field, it is strongly recommended to reassess after some years.