فصلنامه پیشگیری و سلامت
پیاپی 5 (پاییز 1395)

Age at starting smoking, nicotine dependency, and smoking craving are the most important factors in successful smoking cessation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of age of starting smoking on nicotine dependency and smoking craving.
In a cross sectional study in 2014, a convenience sample of 450 smokers of Gorgan city was included. The instruments were a demographic questionnaire, Fagerstrom nicotine dependency test, cigarette smoking temptation questionnaire of Velicer et al and Diclemente et al. smoking stages of change. We analyzed the data by SPSS 21 and EQS 6.1 softwares using descriptive statistics methods; Kruskal-Wallis, and Linear regression.
Findings: The average age at smoking onset was 33.54 ± 12.45 years. Linear regression revealed that the number of daily smoked cigarettes (p lower age at smoking and more number of daily smoked cigarette results in more nicotine dependence and craving. Thus, it is a necessity to delay the age of smoking initiation along with some interventions to increase the quit rate.

Workload can be defined as the operator's required capacity to meet a special level of performance while performing a task. The workload threatens the health of people as well as influences the quality and quantity of service. We aimed to evaluate the validation of Rating Scale Mental Effort (RMSE) to assess nurse's mental workload.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on75 nurses. The data was collected by NASA-TLX index and Rating Scale Mental Effort, and analyzed in SPSS 20, using descriptive statistics, Independent samples t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient test.
Findings: The results showed that nurse's workload was high. There was a notable correlation between RMSE and The NASA Task Load Index (r=0.72).
The results of this study showed that RMSE is an appropriate method for assessing mental workload among nurses.

Narcissism and perfectionism are the traits that some people in connection with their jobs have. In some cases, these personality traits can disrupt their performance. Eating attitude refers to the individual's view about his ideal weight, body image and eating behaviors and preoccupation with food contents. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between narcissism and perfectionism with eating attitude in Stewardesses.
In this correlational study, 108 Stewardess, were selected by simple random sampling. The instruments were Ames narcissism questionnaire (NPI-16), Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Karner Eating attitude questionnaire (EAT-26).to analyze the data, we used Pearson correlation and multiple regression in SPSS 17.
Findings: The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between narcissism and perfectionism (r =0.362), between narcissism and eating attitude (r =-0.441) and between perfectionism and eating attitude (r =-0.278).
The findings show that narcissism and perfectionism have significant relationship with. In addition, eating attitude is correlated with the special jobs that are quite often evaluated and judged. Therefore, mental health professionals should consider the type of career and personality characteristics impacting on attitude to nutrition.

Iron and Manganese are natural chemical compounds in drinking water supplies that they have not any hazard for public if the recommended concentration by world health organization is considered. High amount of these elements can lead to Fe and Mn bacteria reproduction; taste and odor change, red and grown spots on the washing device, and clogged water supply systems. This study aimed to survey the health risks caused by iron and manganese in drinking water supplies.
In this systematic review article, we used the key words of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) in environment, water supplies and their adverse affects the web site of Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus and environmental reference books in the period of 1975 to 2016.
Findings: Our finding showed that there was not any important hazard of drinking water containing Fe and Mn. These elements can increase the risk of pathogenic organisms because most of microorganisms need them for their growth.
It is necessary to monitor and control the Fe and Mn concentration in drinking water resources according to standard for increasing mental health and decreasing public discontent. Because, there is a risk of using unsafe water sources and suffering from water-related diseases.

Self-efficacy as a predictor of personality traits can be effective factor to educational positions such as academic burnout. Today, given the popularity of Internet, its overuse is drew everyone's attention. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and academic burnout with internet addiction in medical and dentistry students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences
In a cross-sectional study, 250 doctoral students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences through Krejcie and Morgan sample size table were selected. The instruments were Maslach academic burnout scale, Scherer self-efficacy scale, and Young internet addiction scale. We analyzed the data by SPSS 17 using via descriptive statistics along with Spearman rank correlation coefficient, independent samples t test, and ANOVA.
Findings: There was significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and academic burnout(r=0.201¡p=0.01), and between self-efficacy and academic burnout in boys (r = 0.359, p In accordance with the relationship between self-efficacy and academic burnout, we recommend strengthening self-efficacy to have better academic outcomes.

Most parents and teens have attitudes, viewpoints and completely different expectations about family rules, power and interpersonal relationships, leading to parent-child conflict. This study aimed at investigating the impact of REP on reducing parent-child conflicts.
This quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with control was conducted on third- grade female students of Shahriar city in academic year of 2012-2013. Among the schools, one was selected via random sampling. Then, 20 students with the highest scores on the questionnaire were selected and assigned to two groups of experiment and control through random assignment method. Conflict tactics scale (CST, 1983) was used for gathering the data. After taking pretest from both groups, the educational intervention (REP) was performed for the experimental group in 8 group session, but the control group was put on the waiting list. The data was analyzed by Statistical software, SPSS v.18 & Multivariate Covariance Analysis Test (MANCOVA).
Findings: The result suggested that relationship enhancement program has significantly reduced parent-child conflict and its dimensions (verbal aggressiveness and physical aggressiveness). Other findings indicated that this educational intervention has been significantly effective in increasing the ability of using discursive strategies in students.
It seems that REP has reduced parent-child conflict through delivering effective relational skills, and it has also led to improvement in family relationship quality.