نشریه هوزان
سال سوم شماره 1 (2018)

There are many tools for assessing of semi-quantitative and observational risk to be used by researchers and ergonomists. This study aim was to examine the reliability of intra-tester and inter- observer reliability of three risk assessment methods of Strain Index (SI), Assessment of Repetitive Tasks (ART) and Occupational Repetitive Actions (OCRA) in the repetitive tasks and exposure to upper limb risk factors.
A total of 30 tasks among workers exposed to upper limb musculoskeletal disorder risk factors were evaluated by 9 testers using SI, OCRA Checklist and ART methods. The results of the assessments were analyzed using Kappa and ICC weighted tests in SPSS and R soft wares.
The results of reliability of inter-tester with Kappa's coefficient for risk level classification were obtained for OCRA Checklist and ART (κ=0.68) VS (κ=0.72), respectively and for SI (κ=0.52). The reliability of intra-tester for the final score of OCRA Checklist, ART and SI methods were (p=0.76), (p=0.81) and (p=0.82), respectively.
In general, the reliability of inter-tester was obtained for three studied methods ranged moderate to good status. However, the general results showed the higher reliability of ART method than two other methods. According to the findings, SI, OCRA Checklist and ART are appropriate to use in the work environment, but in order to use these methods the items such as the purpose of assessment, experience of tester, and the required time for each task should be considered.

Head lice infestations or Pediculosis cases reported each year amond primary school students and sometimes dormitory students of all socioeconomic statuses. Available reports show each year about 6 to 12 million children infestated by Head lice in the United States that is considerable populations.
As the head lice infestations occurs in Irans as same as other countries, updating of the knowledge of pediculosis, diagnosis methods and effective treatment is essential. However, our aim to present an ove review on available treatment methods for pediclusis that proved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration. We found these informations useful to be presented to patients or students to ptomote and update their information.

Today, nanoparticles with the development of nanotechnology and its applications in various industries are highly regarded. These compounds are available in a variety of natural and chemically modified species. Due to unique features such as high surface to volume ratio, special surface area, creating quantum effects, increased reactivity of the surface and its specific chemical and physical properties have been developed as antimicrobial agents. Nanoparticles reacted with thiol group (-SH) protein, reduce membrane permeability, the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from the cell membrane, DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, changes in gene expression and cellular morphology change that ultimately lead to cell death. By choosing the right combination of two nanoparticles together, we can be used to expand the scope of performance, reduced toxicity and effectiveness. On the other hand, along with the many benefits and applications of nanoparticles, the results of toxicological studies of these compounds in the environment can cause risks for people and other organisms. Nanoparticle penetration in the brain, effects on the central nervous system and blood circulation system, Chromosomal disorders, delay in coming out of eggs, changes in the composition of microbial populations, inhibition of photosynthesis and reduced root growth are examples of the environmental impacts of these compounds. According to research done in this area and the concerns of the results of available studies, firstly, training should be given to people who work with these compounds, second choice for safe disposal of these compounds thought and reused if recycled. To be able to produce green combinations (biocompatible) in order to maintain and sustain the environment.

Today, besides using a variety of credit cards in order to trade and trading systems. The use of banknotes and coins is widely used by people around the world, which it is believed that money as a carrier of different microorganisms can easily transmit these microscopic organisms to other people and functions as one of the infectious agents in the transmission of disease. Therefore, in this study the bacterial contamination of wallet, banknotes, coins, and bankcards in the student population was investigated.
This cross sectional study was done in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2017. Samples taken randomly from student’s wallet, banknotes, coins, and bankcards. To determine the bacterial contamination the multiple tube fermentation (MTF) in term of Most Probable Number (MPN) test and Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) tests were used.
The results showed all sampled wallet, banknotes, coins, and bankcards had bacterial contamination. Among them the highest contamination based on MPN of total coliforms and HPC results obtained for coins.
According to the obtained results it can be concluded banknotes, coins, wallets and bank cards had bacterial contamination that can play as transmitters of bacterial contamination.