Journal of Air Pollution and Health
Volume:1 Issue: 2, Spring 2016

Dichloromethane (DCM) is an air pollutant emitted mainly through industrial application. In this study, removal of DCM from waste gas streams using a pilot-scale hybrid bubble column/biofilter (HBCB) bioreactor was studied in steady state.
The hybrid bioreactor had two compartments: bubble column bioreactor and biofilter.The experiments were carried out with relatively constant concentration of DCM (approximately 240 ppm) and variable empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 50, 100, 150 and 200 s in steady state.
The average DCM removal efficiency of the HBCB bioreactor at EBRT of 200 and 150 s were 79 and 71%, respectively, but further reduction of EBRT significantly decreased the DCM removal efficiency. DCM removal rate was determined to be in the range of 12.1 g/m3.h to 19.6 g/m3.h. The first order rate equation best described the kinetic data of biofiltration (R2>0.99) with kinetic constant of 0.0114 1/s. The mixed liquor characterization indicated that the daily adjustment of pH and EC was sufficient to prevent any limitation in the performance of the HBCB bioreactor.
This study showed that the HBCB bioreactor could be an efficient, economical and flexible option for DCM removal from waste gas streams.

Airborne particulate matter (PM) is responsible for serious immediate and long-term impacts on human health because airborne particulates easily reach the deepest recesses of the lungs that damage the respiratory system of human beings. The purpose of this study was to measure the airborne concentrations of PM10 and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, copper, zinc, iron and nickel) in Tehran-Iran and Pune-India.
In order to compare two polluted cities, Tehran-Iran and Pune-India, six stations from both cities were selected for air sampling and analysis. Sampling was performed from November 2011 to July 2012 in both countries.
PM10 concentration range of 92.31 (μg/m3) to 28.12 (μg/m3) in Tehran while, PM10 concentration ranged from 90.54 (μg/m3) to 48.19 (μg/m3) in Pune. The heavy metal trends show higher concentrations at station one however, the lowest concentrations were observed at station three and four in Pune.
Results showed that there was a correlation between air pollution and number of vehicles. However this correlation was not statistically significant (R2=0.376 for Tehran and R2=0.083 for Pune). It is observed that station one in Pune and stations three and four in Tehran are highly polluted. The pattern of air pollution in Tehran was not the same.

Formaldehyde is a toxic, mutagen and teratogen chemical, and it is suspected to be carcinogenic to humans. As a result, it can be classified as a noxious air pollutant which must be removed from any formaldehyde-contaminated air stream before releasing to the atmosphere. Biological methods, particularly biotrickling filtration, have recently attracted a great deal of attention due to low operating cost and high removal efficiency.
In this study, the biotrickling filtration of air stream contaminated by formaldehyde was investigated in a continuous system. The main objective of this study was to investigate formaldehyde biotrickling processes in continuous mode, culminating in the development of a mathematical relation to correlate volumetric mass transfer coefficient versus the Reynolds number of gas flow. During these experiments, formaldehyde removal efficiencies of 97, 97.5 and 96.5% were achieved for the gas flow rates of 90, 291 and 1512 l/h, respectively. Biotrickling filter reactor (BTFR) was employed for this continuous experiment.
The results obtained in this study show that the mass transfer from gas phase to the gas-wet biomass interphase is the controlling step, and the reaction rate is not an important factor in this case for a wide range of gas flow rates and gas velocities.
The analyses demonstrate that external mass transfer is the controlling step compared to diffusion through liquid phase and bio-reactions. The results also show that using smaller but longer beds resulting in higher velocities enhances the mass transfer rate and hence the removal efficiency.

Glazers in ceramic industry are exposed to a variety of glazes, containing heavy metal salts, particularly cobalt. Cobalt is used in glaze to produce blue dye; therefore, occupational exposure can be taken place, causing adverse effect on the body organs. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of cobalt in the breathing zone of 49 glazers exposed to this metal while mixing, handling, and firing processes is performed in the ceramic industry.
An air sample was taken from the breathing zone of each worker continuously for 8 h on a cellulose ester membrane filter of 37 mm diameter followed by determination of cobalt concentration using Inductively Coupled Plasma-atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). In order to examine whether a correlation exists between work shifts, kind of job, ventilation system, and cobalt concentration, all participants filled out a self administered questionnaire. The lung function tests were also performed on each control and cobalt exposed subjects. T-tests was carried out to compare the cobalt concentrations between groups.
The mean value of cobalt concentration in glazers was 5.5 times higher than the ACGIH threshold limit value (0.02 mg/m3). Tile glazers had higher concentrations of cobalt than the pottery glazers. Spirometric parameters were significantly lower in the glazers compared to the control group (P This study showed high concentration of cobalt in the breathing zone of glazers that can cause decrease in spirpmetric parameters. However, further studies on co-exposure to silica and heavy metals such as cobalt in pulmonary function impairment are necessary.

One of the largest proportions of human-related air pollution is produced by fossil-fuel based electricity generation units. Hence, the environmental performance that complies with technical performance receives increasing attention and seems to be the missing point in environmental impact analysis and energy policy studies. Therefore, empirical analysis which leads to increasing awareness of official policy makers concerning the technical and environmental trade-offs is the objective of the study in the electric generating sector by applying a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA).
In the first stage the DEA incorporates Materials Balanced Principle (DEA-MBP) to estimate the allocation of gas, mazut and gas oil of steam plants to minimize inputs and SO2 emissions respectively with the given technology. It is then followed by applying Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) applied in the second stage investigate the other explanatory variables which may influence the efficiency and were not properly considered in the first stage analysis.
The results evident that there is considerable gap between technical and environmental efficiency (76% and 10% respectively) scores. The impact of most important explanatory variables in the second stage clearly demonstrates that plant sizes and fuel type have significant influence while plant age and the year of observation have no statistically significant influence on the technical and also environmental efficiencies of steam power plants.
Advancement in interdisciplinary research helps to increase technical efficiency while reducing emissions by applying analytical methods, which may provide better information for decision making units. Hence, it is the management’s responsibility to improve efficiency by modifying regulation and competition performance in this respect.

Concentration of Particulate Matters were measured for a one-year monitoring period from July 2011 through June 2012 in Qom, a city located in western part of Dasht-e Kavir, central Iran.
Some related meteorological parameters comprising wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, relative humidity (RH), temperature and sunshine hours were evaluated.
PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 maximum values were recorded as 1160.67, 242.92, 90.82 μg/m3, respectively. The maximum number of days with peak concentration of PM was reported from July through November 2012. Obtained results represented that the winds are prevailed from southern and south-eastern sides of Qom with 24.5% and 24% of consequences, respectively. The correlation between PM10 concentration and relative humidity was moderate and indirect (r = - 0.340).
The coordination between governmental administrations of central provinces engaged with dust events is suggested to mitigate the health-related impacts using a long term control program.

Now, 100% of solid waste in Najafabad is recycled. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of 100% solid waste recycling on emissions of CO2, CH4 and more than 40 non-methane organic compounds from landfill to the atmosphere.
To achieve this aim, it is assumed that if 100% solid waste recycling were not carried out in Najafabad, and if this city had a landfill with enough capacity to accept its solid waste for 20 years, a significant amount of the mentioned gases would have been emitted into the atmosphere. With this assumption, all necessary information about the amount of solid waste production in Najafabad was collected and the amount of gases released into the atmosphere was calculated by LandGEM software.
The results show that for landfilling of Najafabad solid waste over 20 years, a landfill with capacity of 2.3 million m3 is needed. Total generated CO2 and CH4 from this imaginary landfill during 20 years of fictional landfill operation are 107206 and 39074 tons, respectively. In addition, considerable amounts of CH4 and CO2 emission would continue for an estimated 120 years after landfill closure year. Calculations show that in 2015 alone, 93.79 tons of hazardous non-methane organic compounds could have been emitted into the atmosphere, most of them toxic and carcinogenic.
Today’s 100% solid waste recycling in Najafabad has completely avoided these emissions. Consequently, it is recommended that nearly 100% solid waste recycling must become the final goal in all Iranian recycling organizations, to decrease landfill costs and to realize a healthier environment.

Searching, PubMed (accessed Nov. 10, 2015) for “Air pollution” and “Health” resulted in 26,156 citations. Since the 1930 Meuse Valley episode in Belgium, Donora 1948 and the London fog of December 1952, the number of studies showing adverse health effects of short and long term exposure to outdoor air pollution has grown. This review looks at historical air pollution studies to get a general overview of the overall health effects that can be attributed to bad air quality. Then we specifically reviewed the important respiratory effects, the plausible mechanism and population at greater risk. Further research is central concern of researcher and policy maker to assess the plausible biological mechanisms of air pollution effects and identifying specific air pollutant that would be more dangerous.

Dust storms can cause certain environmental impacts such as reducing solar radiations, geochemical and biogeochemical effects, affecting marine primary producers or autotrophs, (thus reducing the disposal of carbon dioxide and global warming), affecting snow’s Albedo. One reason why dust causes such global effects is its transferability range up to 20,000 km. Dust can also negatively affect the respiratory, cardiovascular, cerebral-vascular systems; cause or intensify meningitis, fever, pain, allergies, and viral infections; damage the DNA of skin and lung cells. The Sahara and West China are known as the primary sources of dust worldwide. The most important methods of dust storm prevention and controling it can be biological, sprays (water), mechanical, chemical, and engineering. Biological methods are the best-known ways of preventing dust storms and desertification. This can be achieved by creating vegetation and ecological barriers, such as forest belts. Considering the increasing number and periods of dust storms and dust effects on the environment and human health, this review article aims to determine appropriate strategies to prevent dust occurrence and explain the effects of dust on health and the environment.