International Journal of Infection
Volume:3 Issue: 2, Apr 2016

Context: The incidence and prevalence of both community and hospital acquired pneumonia has remained relatively constant over the last several years. This paper reviews the current treatment guidelines as well as highlight new antibiotics that have recently become available for use as well..
Evidence Acquisition: We evaluated guidelines provided by the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA) for the management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), published in 2007, and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) published in 2005. We also reviewed literature published from January 2005 to December 2015 using PubMed to evaluate how the treatment of these types of pneumonia have evolved..
Through our literature review, it was found that despite the advances made in the diagnosis and management of both CAP and HAP, it remains a significant challenge to diagnose and often treat. Two new IV antibiotics (tigecycline and ceftaroline) introduced for the management of CAP and telavancin was approved for HAP. Moreover, treatment of these two types of pneumonia often involves being creative with antimicrobial therapy due to the increasing multi-drug resistance..
CAP/HAP remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Bacterial resistance is increasing and adds to the difficulty in treating these patients. Newer drugs are available but should be used judiciously and in the right setting..

The Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a single strand, linear RNA virus, is one of the most important hepatotrope agents worldwide. At least 6 distinct genotypes of HCV and more than 50 subgroups have beendetected. It has been demonstrated that HCV genotypes vary in their distribution, which may indicate the route of acquisition and affect the clinical outcome and response to therapy..
This study investigated the distribution of HCV genotypes and their relationship to risk factors in Zahedan, the capital of Sistan and Balouchestan province, in southeast Iran.
Patients and This cross-sectional study enrolled all patients with positive or indeterminate anti-HCV tests who were referred to Zahedan university of medical sciences (ZAUMS) educational hepatitis clinics. To determine viral infection and analyze genotypes,the study applied nested polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)..
The study found that 72 patients, 43 males and 29 females, had documented HCV infections. Age’s ranged from 20 - 75, with a mean of 48. The largest number of patients had the 1a genotypes (41 patients = 56.9%), followed by 3a (25 patients = 34.7%), and 1b and 4a each of them (3 patients = 4.2%)..
The study showed that genotypes 1a and 3a are the most common genotypes in patients with chronic HCV infection in Sistan and Balouchestan province, in southeast Iran..

Urinary tract infections are one of the most common nosocomial infections. They are progressively becoming a serious and very recurrent public health problem in Africa. With respect to the limited data available on this situation in Benin, the present study was conducted..
Its objective was to determine the prevalence of the urinary tract infections among catheterized patients at a hospital in Zinvie (Benin)..
Patients and This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 inpatients from the Services of Emergencies, Medicine and Surgery of the hospital. Urine was collected twice per patient: 10 minutes and 48 hours after the insertion of the catheter. All urine samples were subjected to bacteriological analyses. The sensitivity of bacteria isolates was tested with prescribed antibiotics in the hospital. Hygiene practices during catheterization were recorded by direct observation using a checklist..
Two days later, (48 hours after the catheterization), 14 patients out of 60 (23.33%) presented with a urinary infection, of which 1 patient (1.66%) was already infected before the process. Gram-negative bacteria were the most isolated bacteria (79%), with Escherichia coli as the most identified species (63%) followed by Pseudomonas spp. (11%) and Acinetobacter spp. (5%). Gram-positive cocci isolates were essentially Staphylococcus aureus (21%). All bacteria isolates were multidrug resistant..
Only a few number of health workers do respect hygiene rules before and after catheterization. Therefore, it is necessary to train health workers involved in such activities on good hygiene practices during catheterization..

Tattoos are associated with blood-borne infections that result from viruses such as the hepatitis B virus (HBV), the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This association is equally evident among people without major risk factors and among those with major risk factors like injected drug users (IDUs)..
In this study we evaluated all tattooed patients admitted to our hospital (the Boo-Ali hospital in southeastern Iran) between February 2006 to January 2015..
Patients and The patients enrolled in our study were admitted to infectious disease wards for different illnesses (e. g., Pneumonia, Sepsis, Tuberculosis, etc.).We only studied the patients who agreed to be included in our study. When we found at least one tattooed area, regardless of its size, we took a blood sample and tested it for the presence of HIV, HBV, and HCV..
Among the 63 patients with tattoos (21% female, 79% male, age range:16 to 79-years-old), four patients (6.3%) tested positive for HBsAg and PCR-HBV, seven patients (11%) tested positive for HCV, and five (7.9%) tested positive for HIV. The last group consisted in IDUs and all five had several tattooed areas on their bodies..
Upon our results, tattooed people even with a small size of tattoo on the body are more at risk for HCV, HBV, and HIV infection..

Scientists are seeking an appropriate alternative method for curing infections caused by resistant bacteria, since drug resistance is continually increasing..
This research aims to discover the function of some medicine plants on pestiferous Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli in humans..
Bacterial strains were obtained from a standard laboratory. The strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 and E.coli ATCC25922 bacteria were used for antimicrobial testing of the extractions..
Our results showed that Teucrium polium extracts have the minimum density of inhibitory for Escherichia coli, 25 ppm, whereas the maximum of this is for Peganum harmala and Prangos ferulaceae with 100 ppm. The lowest minimum concentration inhibitory value of extracts P. harmala, T. polium, T. pratensis and Rumex was found in 25 ppm against P.aeruginosa..
The results of our study showed that plant extracts have good antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli..

Although Iranian women increasingly attend hospitals for childbirth, no information is available on programs and practices related to infection control in labor and delivery units..
This study aims to investigate infection control program management and midwives’ practices in labor and delivery units..
Patients and We analyzed data related to infection control program management and also practices performed by 88 midwives in four labor and delivery units in public hospitals in Zahedan, southeast Iran..
The evaluation scores for all aspects of infection control were suboptimal; infection control program management 38.1% to 71.4%, healthcare workers post-exposure measures 58.5% to 92.7%, medical waste management 73.9% to 87.0% and infection control related standard infrastructures and equipments 55.9% to 82.8%. The midwives mean scores for attending infection control training courses and hand hygiene were less than 40% of the maximum score, but the mean scores for normal vaginal deliveries scrub, and equipments and instruments hygiene practices were generally above 70%..
The results of this study revealed a need for development of appropriate policies and protocols for infection control practices in labor and delivery units and also midwives training on clean delivery practices..

Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and its virulence determinants are major risk factors for subsequent infections and transmission..
The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of panton-valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene, the SCCmec types, and the prevalent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) genotypes in strains isolated from healthcare workers (HCWs)..
DNA was extracted from 114 frozen S. aureus strains amongst them MRSA isolates were identified by conversional methods and PVL; genotyping were determined using PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)..
Fifty-nine out of 114 (51.7%) isolates were MRSA carrying mecA, 18/59 (31%) harboured SCCmec type I, 12/59 (20.1%) harboured SCCmec type II and 12/59 (20.1%) harboured type III. The pvl gene was detected in 10 S. aureus isolates, six MRSA and four MSSA. PFGE clustered the 114 isolates of S. aureus into eight predominant types (designated A – H). The most prevalent PFGE type was type A (n = 44, 37.7%)..
More than a quarter of the strains harboured SCCmec type I. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were clustered into eight predominant PFGE pulsotypes. The current study should be considered preliminary and further use of molecular studies to monitor the epidemiology of MRSA and its evolution is highly recommended..