International Journal of Infection
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Apr 2018

Recurrent urinary tract Infection (UTI) is a common problem in pediatric age group. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common cause for recurrent UTI.
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of VUR in children who presented with recurrent UTIs and to assess the effect of endoscopic treatment in patients with grade III-V VUR.
This was a prospective study recruiting 1232 patients who presented with recurrent UTI during April 2008 and January 2012. We used voiding cystourethrogram to diagnose VUR, and treated grades III-V VUR by bulking agent. One to 2 sessions were performed and the participants were followed-up postoperatively at first, second, third, and 12th months postoperatively.
VUR was found in 437 (35.5%) of the patients. Amongst those, 197 (16%) patients were diagnosed with VUR grade I and II. Additionally, 240 (19.5%) cases were diagnosed with VUR III-V. Two sessions were required to correct the reflux in all patients with grade III. The success rate of correction of grade IV was 79% after the second session. The success rate was 71% in grade V. New contralateral reflux with low grade (I and II) de novo VUR was found in 28/240 (11.7%) cases. After successful correction of VUR, UTI occurred in 12/203 (5.9%) of the patients.
VUR was common in children with recurrent UTI with a good prognosis after endoscopic correction. Further study is needed to follow-up the participants who did not respond to treatment.

Coenurosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Taenia multiceps or Taenia serialis species.
The current study aimed at reporting the entity of Coenurus serialis in Iran.
The five dead rabbits found in Sarakhs city, Northeastern Iran, were inspection carefully. Coenurus serialis cysts recovered from their muscles were inoculated orally into a four-month-old Spitz/Terrier dog.
Based on the current study, 40% of the inspected rabbits in Northeastern Iran had C. serialis. The eggs appeared in the feces 58 days post-inoculation (dpi). Cestodes length was 15 - 25 cm and the total number of scolex hooks was 30 ± 1. The mean length of large and small hooks was 140 and 90 μm, respectively.
Taenia multiceps and T. serialis in dogs were morphologically indistinguishable in the current study. The disease exists in Northeastern Iran in animals and is the potential danger as a zoonotic disease. The current study established the first experimental infection of C. serialis in Iran. Neurosurgeons should consider the probability of the disease in this region.

Otitis is a general terminology used for inflammation or infection of the ear; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas spp. are the most common causes of otitis externa. The resistance mechanism against the beta-lactams group is due to the production of β-lactamase enzymes by the bacteria; the enzymes in staphylococci are encoded by erm genes that confer inducible Clindamycin resistance.
This study aimed at investigating bacterial resistance by evaluating samples collected from Otitis Externa patients admitted to Ayatollah Roohani Hospital of Babol, Iran.
Ear samples were collected from 72 patients with Otitis Externa referred to Ayatollah Roohani hospital during May 2012 to 2013. At first, the isolated bacteria were identified using appropriate differential and selective media, and then were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility testing following the disk diffusion method. Special diagnostic tests were also performed for the identification of ESBL, iAmpC, pAmpC, metallo beta lactamase producers and inducible resistance to clindamycin and methicillin resistant strains. Data were analyzed by the SPSS 22 statistical software.
Among the 65 isolated bacteria, 24 (36.9%) cases were found to be gram negative and 41 (63.1%) were gram positive; pAmpC beta-lactamase producers were found to have the highest frequency in gram negative bacteria. From 36 (87.8%) isolated CoNS, 18 (50%) bacteria were found to be resistant to the methicillin group and 4 (11.1%) cases had inducible resistance to clindamycin; All isolated S. aureus were sensitive to methicillin and clindamycin.
Considering that some bacteria are concurrently able to produce different types of resistance enzymes, and also the fact that high prevalence rate of resistance belongs to CoNS, it is important and necessary to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing as per clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) methods in clinical laboratories.

Acinetobacter baumannii are opportunistic pathogens that are found in abundance in Zabol. Due to their unique capability for long-term survival in the hospital environment, the chances of becoming infected with the bacteria are very high. Therefore, identifying potential sources of infection in the donor is very important. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter isolates.
A cross sectional study was performed to evaluate 30 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, isolated from urine culture of hospitalized patients (Amir- Al- Momenin Hospital, Zabol, South Eastern Iran) with urinary tract infections during a period of 6 months and antibiotic resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration for the antibiotic gentamicin was found with the microdilution method.
The results showed that in this study, all antibiotics used on Acinetobacter were effective antimicrobial agents, and only four positions (13.33%) and 26 sensitive points (86.66%) to these antibiotics have been accessed. After chloramphenicol, gentamicin was found as the most active antibiotic in a way that 7 sensitive samples (23.33%) and 23 officials (76.66%) were observed. Results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that four strains of Acinetobacter could grow at all concentrations of gentamicin, while the highest MIC was equal to 1024 micrograms per milliliter.
This study demonstrates the increasing resistance of many strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, thus new antibiotics and new treatments are needed.

Nowadays, opportunistic fungi, mainly Candida albicans, are the most joint reason of life threatening albicans isolated from patients to putrefaction in immunodeficiency sacks. Increasing resistant strains of C. albicans are an original problem in human immunodeficiency virus infectious patients. In recent years, the maximum important reason of illness and mortality, especially in hospitalized patients, is common in systemic fungal infections, which is caused by pathogenic yeast. In addition, antifungal treatments with conventional drugs have not been completely effective.
The aim of this study was the evolution of susceptibility of strains of Candida albicans isolated from patients to Fluconazole as well as determination of antibiotic resistance genes.
The extracts of the Teucrium polium and Citrullus colocynthis were prepared using a rotary device. A total of 2 medicinal plant extracts, Teucrium polium and Citrullus colocynthis, were used to determine their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (Mg/mL) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) against 7 clinical isolates of C. albicans. The disc diffusion susceptibility of C. albicans isolates were analyzed by standard methods. Then, reversing the fluconazole resistance gene by using polymerase chain reaction product was evaluated and electrophoresis. Data analysis was performed using software.
Overall, the results display that the leaf juice of C. colocynthis and T. polium had powerful antibacterial performance. Also, C. colocynthis juice exhibited higher antimicrobial performance. The ethyl acetate extracts of C. colocynthis and T. polium showed antimicrobial acting against C. albicans race. Our studies display that of all experience rate, 65.3% was resistant to nystatin, 73.3% to fluconazole.
The existing study showed that the ethanoic juice of T. polium and C. colocynthis powder has pronounced repressive acting versus C. albicans of the get result it can be end that however ethanol in itself- has antifungal acting.

Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira interrogans. The conventional vaccines have some major problems. Therefore, recombinant vaccines such as multiple-epitope vaccine are suggested. OmpL1 and lipL32 are the most important proteins of Leptospira interrogans bacteria that can be used in epitope prediction process to design a multiple-epitope vaccine. Hence, in this study, the most reliable and accurate online servers were applied to predict B cell and T cell epitopes, the secondary and tertiary structures, enzyme digestion, and antigenicity score of ompL1 and lipL32. The results showed that epitopes located at 103 - 122, 210 - 232, and 272 - 291 amino acid residues are the common epitopes between T cell (MHCI) and B cell. 288 - 308 amino acid residues were introduced as common epitopes to stimulate both T cell (MHCI and MHCII) and B cell of ompL1 protein. In the case of LipL32 protein, 80 - 96 amino acid residues are recommended for T cell epitopes and 63-81 amino acid residues for stimulation of both B and T cells. All the mentioned epitopes can be considered as linear epitopes in designing a recombinant vaccine based on chimeric epitopes. It appears that these epitopes can be applied to design recombinant multiple-epitope vaccines against leptospirosis.

Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the major health problems in children because of its high rate of occurrence. This study aimed at evaluating the frequency of recurrent urinary tract infection and related factors in children aged two months to 15 years old, refereed to the pediatric nephrology clinic of Zahedan city.
In this descriptive study, 270 children with urinary tract infection were studied. The sampling method was convenient. Information was gathered from patients and their files. Data was analyzed by the SPSS version 18 software, using Chi Square and T-test.
The mean age of the children was 4.3 ± 3.7 years old. Thirty-four children (12.6%) were male and 236 (87.4%) female (P > 0.05). Overall, 109 children (73.6%) with recurrent UTI and 53 children (44.2%) without recurrent UTI had abnormal ultrasonography (P = 0.001). Furthermore, 115 children (76.7%) with recurrent UTI and 100 children (83.3%) with first UTI had positive results for E. coli culture (P = 0.177). Seventy-nine children (54.5%) with recurrent UTI and 61 children (39%) with first UTI were diagnosed to have elimination syndrome (P = 0.067). Abnormal VCUG was found in 39 children (47.6%) of 82 children with recurrent UTI yet children with first UTI had normal VCUG (P = 0.001).
There was no difference regarding age, gender, dysfunctional elimination syndrome, and urine culture in children with recurrent UTI compared to those with first UTI, yet abnormal VCUG, kidney, and urinary tract ultrasonography were much more common in children with recurrent UTI.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease, which affects mostly children and rarely adults, which results in a more severe presentation. After a prodromal phase (malaise, anorexia, and the classic triad of conjunctivitis, cough, and coryza and a high fever), enanthem (Koplik spot) appears at buccal mucosa and then, typical erythematous maculopapular rash happens. There are several reports of atypical measles in the adults who have been immunized by killed type vaccine, therefore, prior history of vaccination with the original killed - virus among individuals who present with maculopapular rash and fever do not rule out measles.
Here we report a 44 - year - old woman with fever, chills, myalgia, odynophagia, exudative pharyngitis, bilateral parotitis, anterior cervical lymphadenopathy, tender splenomegaly, conjunctival suffusion and disseminated pruritic erythematous maculopapular, as well as a petechial rash all over her body. She was evaluated mainly for infectious mononucleosis, acute human immunodeficiency virus infection, and acute viral hepatitis, when all investigations were negative for possible diagnoses, although she mentioned immunization against measles, evaluations for measles were done and she had positive IgM antibody with high titer and also positive measles virus RT - PCR.
The aim of this report is to emphasize that physicians should be aware of the atypical measles syndrome and entertain the diagnosis of measles in adults with a febrile illness and rash in order to make the most accurate diagnosis and prevent complications.