International journal of basic science in medicine
Volume:3 Issue: 1, Mar 2018

Although extensive studies have been performed to explore the role of various alleles within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in susceptibility to coeliac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D), less attention has been dedicated to the role of shred non-HLA loci. In present report, we have provided a review on the role of genetic variants in seven shared non-HLA loci in determination the risk of either CD or T1D. The literature search was done on the Web of Knowledge, PubMed, and Scopus databases using keywords of polymorphism, coeliac disease, and type 1 diabetes. The literature published within 2000-2017 were recruited. Seven discussed shared loci between CD and T1D were those resided within cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTL4), regulator of G protein signaling (RGS1), SH2B adaptor protein (SH2B3), T cell activation Rho GTPase activating protein (TAGAP), interleukin 18 receptor accessory protein (IL18RAP), protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type (PTPN2), and C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR5). Interaction between polymorphisms of these genes seems to exert a substantial impact on determination the risk of CD and T1D in context of each other. Polymorphisms residing in these loci can exert synergistic or opposing effects toward either protection or predisposition to CD and T1D. The majority of these polymorphisms affect the function of cytokine signaling or T cell activating pathways. The net outcome deems to be delineated by a complex interaction between these adaptor arms, as well as the modulatory effects of other components of immune system, in particular HLA alleles.

The central nervous system (CNS) is the most complex part of the human body, which controls a variety of cellular and molecular activities. Neurobehavioral functions of CNS play a vital role in making appropriate responses to the environmental stimuli. Some kind of such responses can be maintained in neural networks due to neuronal plasticity. When brain ages, or being damaged by means of genetic or environmental factors, memories will disappear gradually. Molecular mechanism of memory formation and disruption are studied during normal and disease conditions, respectively. However, it is far to understand the complete scenario and we need a model organism to undertake specific studies and unravel the mystery of neuronal function. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster possesses many characteristics which enable neuroscientist to model vide range of complex behaviors and find their neural circuit. Even though, many human neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) can be modeled in this insect and provide unique opportunities for effective therapeutic interventions. Here I summarize few points on the contribution of Drosophila melanogaster in neurobiology of learning and memory as well as human NDDs.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of 10 weeks of high intensity interval training and flaxseed oil supplement on heart IGF-1 concentration in male rats.
20 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into saline, saline–training, supplementation, and supplementation–training groups. The training groups performed training (10 weeks, five sessions per week, 90–95% VO2 max) on a rodent treadmill. The supplementation groups also received flaxseed oil supplement (30 mg/kg). The rats were sacrificed five days after the last training session. The heart tissue was collected, and sent to the laboratory for evaluation.
Training increased the concentration of the heart IGF-1 (P=0.01). The concentration of heart IGF-1 was higher in the flaxseed oil-supplemented groups than the saline-treated groups. (P=0.003). The interaction between training and supplementation also led to a increase in heart IGF-1 concentration (P=0.001).
The increase of heart IGF-1 after training and consumption suggest that training and flaxseed oil can help to improve cardiac function.

Breast milk is an important nutrient source for rapidly growing neonates since breastfeeding protects the newborn against some disease. This effect may be due to the useful and natural microflora of breast milk. Biosurfactants are unique amphipathic compounds produced by some microorganisms. The present study demonstrates the isolation and characterization of biosurfactant producing bacteria from human breast milk samples.
The human breast milk samples were collected aseptically and then cultured in MRS agar media. The biosurfactant producing ability of the isolated strains was investigated by hemolytic assay, oil spreading method, drop collapse test and emulsification index assay. The screened isolates were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis. In vitro antibacterial activities of biosurfactants against some Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria were investigated by the agar disc diffusion method. This biosurfactant was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
In this study, 337 different colonies were isolated from 42 breast milk samples. The best isolates were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus HM-1, Pediococcus pentosaceus HM-2 and Pediococcus pentosaceus HM-3 based on microscopic and 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis. The biosurfactant extracted from screened strains exhibited a broad spectrum of antagonistic activity against some pathogenic bacteria. The results showed similarity to lipopeptide biosurfactants like surfactin.
Bacterial strains isolated in this study could be valuable sources for novel biosurfactants. The Human breast milk could be a safe source for isolation of biosurfactant producing probiotic bacteria and for improve intestinal microflora of infants.

Decreased neuromuscular activity, in terms of different models including hindlimb suspension, can result in muscular atrophy by changing different genes expression. Hdac4&5 and their downstream pathways are the two important factors involved in the preservation of muscle mass.
In the current study, in order to survey the changes of Hdac4&5 and their downstream cascade mRNA expression, Wistar rats were assigned into two groups 1) weight bearing (WB) and 2) Hindlimb-suspension (HS) (n=5 in each group). Hindlimb’s rats were suspended for 14 days. After two weeks, the rats were sacrificed and the soleus and plantaris muscles were collected. Thereafter, gene expression was measured using Real time technique.
The results showed that 14 days hindlimb suspension decreased muscle mass in both the plantaris and soleus muscles and the latter changes definitely outweighed the former. In addition, it has been shown that the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers of the plantaris and soleus muscles decreased and, with changes in muscle mass, the observed decrease in soleus was higher. Also, the increase in mRNA expression of Hdac4&5, Myogenin, and Gadd45a, was observed in both muscles. But the expression of the Dach2 gene was significantly reduced in the plantaris and soleus muscles of the HS group as compared to the WB group.
Hdac/Myogenin and Hdac/Dach2/Gadd45a are the two involved pathways in muscular atrophy process as a result of unloading and this could be considered as treatment candidates to resist muscular atrophy in some specific conditions such as bed rest and space flight.

BackgroundThe national oral health survey-Qatar was carried out in 2011 in an attempt to establish the baseline information about oral health status among youth. This article describes the oral health status of 12 and 15-year-old students in Qatar.
MethodsCross-sectional survey data were analyzed for 12 (N=1060) and 15 (N=1064) year-old students. The caries status based on decayed, missing, filled teeth or DMFT=0 (no caries) & DMFT≥1 (caries present). Mean indices among nationalities and sex were compared by student’s t-test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means by the type of the school. Logistic regression was used to examine associations among available variables.
ResultsIn the overall sample, 53.3% (n=565) of 12-year-olds and 55.4% (n=589) of 15-year-olds had varying levels of dental caries. The odds of dental caries were higher among girls compared to boys aged 12 years (OR=1.3, CI=1.0-1.6, P=0.05) as well as 15 years old (OR=1.28, CI=1.01-1.6, P=0.04) respectively. By nationality, Qatari students had a higher mean DMFT value (1.3 ± 1.2) compared to non-Qataris (0.82 ± 1.1). The public/independent attendees had higher mean DMFT values (1.31 ± 1.2) compared to the other two school categories. Fifteen-year-old students had lower odds (OR=0.81, CI- 0.68-0.97, P=0.02) of gingival bleeding and higher odds (OR=1.68, CI=1.4-2.1, PConclusions The results provide directions to further strengthen the oral health strategies through various evidence-based interventions.Background

electrocardiogram (ECG) indices as a valuable tool for the diagnosis depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium are affected by aerobic exercise and detraining. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and 5 months detraining on electrocardiogram (ECG) indices in post-menopausal women.
Twenty-four post-menopausal women aged 50-70 years were randomly assigned to Exercise (E, n=12) and Control (C, n=12) groups. E group performed of 12 weeks moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program (W-WJMIAEP-R), and then 5 months detraining remained, but the C group participated in no intervention during 8-month. The ECG indices were measured at baseline, after 12-week exercise, and after 5-month detraining.
After 12-week in between-groups, ECG indices were not significantly different (P>0.05), except P-R interval (P≤0.05). After 5-month detraining in between-groups were not a significant difference for dependent variables (P>0.05), except P-R segment and S-T interval (P≤0.05).
The Results suggest that 12 weeks of W-WJMIAEP-R increases P-R interval in sedentary post-menopausal women that is likely to be effective in preventing heart arrhythmias. The P-R segment and S-T interval decreased significantly after 5 months detraining period that 12 weeks W-WJMIAEP-R induced-ECG positive adaptations such as decrease P-R segment and S-T interval are maintained even after 5-month detraining and consequently prevents the increase in atrial aging process in postmenopausal women.

Pragmin is the first mammalian protein that contains a functional the Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) motif. Pragmin was tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinases (SFKs), in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation, and C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) at EPIYA motif. Pragmin transfected cells induced cell-morphological changes which were characterized by elongated cell shape with invasive phenotype that contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis. This study was established to investigate Src role as a key regulator of cell motility to induce elongated morphology of cells in Pragmin transfected cells by using PP2, a specific inhibitor of Src family protein kinase.
Firstly, AGS cells were transfected by Pragmin and Pragmin mutant (Y391F) using lipofectamine 2000 reagent and then we treated the cells by PP2. Finally, we evaluated cell-morphological changes in the presence or the absence of PP2 by using light microscope and the results were analyzed.
Our results showed in AGS cells that were transiently transfected by Pragmin in the presence of PP2 (where Src activity was reduced), number of elongated cells were not changed compared to elongated cell numbers of Pragmin transfected cells in the absence of PP2.
Our findings suggest that in spite of importance of Src to regulate the cell motility, cell-morphological changes of AGS transfected cells by Pragmin is independent on Src activity and it seems the other mechanism (s) are involved in these process.