International Biological and Biomedical Journal
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Summer 2018

Cell-to cell communication occurs via a signaling pathway referred to as quorum sensing. There are four main types of these systems according to the chemical nature of signal molecules used by microorganisms to elicit expression of target genes in response to environmental stimuli or need of microbial communities. Type I system acts by using acyl homoserine lactones as signals to trigger the expression of virulence genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and members of the Enterobacteriacae family. Other groups of bacteria possess a second system which uses certain furanones as a universal language among different species. Pathogenic Shigella spp., Salmonella, and Escherichia coli rely on catecholamines of the human host for inducing a third quorum sensing system in infection. Short cyclic peptides act mainly in Staphylococcus spp. and Enteroccocus faecalis to activate a forth system involved in their pathogenicity. Therefore, it is essential to analyze these systems for the design of antimicrobials that could eliminate pathogens or abolish their harmful activities.

This literature review presents the most recent developments in the management of multiple myeloma, which is characterized by the presence of abnormal plasma cells (myeloma cells) that accumulate into the bone marrow. Aspects related to pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory, study and treatment are described. These pieces of information are necessary to accomplish a better management of the disease, and a reduction in economic burden and incidence of multiple myeloma.

Pharmacogenetic studies in schizophrenia patients illustrated variable response to antipsychotic treatment. Moreover, most of patients will require long-term use of atypical antipsychotic medications which may lead to drug side effect, treatment-resistance, medication arrest, and even venture to suicide. Clozapine is the best choice in the treatment of refractory patients, although not effective in all of them and also having side effects. Therefore, any information that help to predict the outcome of each antipsychotic drug in a particular patient will be highly valuable to find the right drug for the right patient. Taq1A (rs1800497) polymorphism of dopamine receptor D2, T102C (rs6313) and His452Tyr (rs6314) polymorphisms of serotonin 2A receptor were analyzed as effective single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with clozapine response in schizophrenia patients in an ethnic group of Iranian population. Our data suggest that the presence of C allele for rs1800497 and rs6314 and T allele for rs6313 might be helpful for determining response to clozapine in first line therapy resistant patients. 37% of patients who had the above polymorphic alleles together, manifested improved response to clozapine versus 1.6% of clozapine responder patients who did not carry those alleles. Our data confirm that these polymorphisms are associated with clozapine response in schizophrenia patients in the studied population. Genetic screening of these three effective SNPs may be advantageous to predict clozapine response in Iranian schizophrenia refractory patients.

Lead is one of the harmful heavy metals that may be produced from human activities, and have deleterious effects on many tissues such as bone. In this research, the effects of oral administration of lead acetate II on histology of rat femur, and expression level of osteocaclcin gene were investigated. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. The rats in tested group were fed with 100 ppm of lead acetate II during 2 months. The femur samples were removed, fixed and then stained by alizarin red S for mineralization ratio assessment, and Hematoxylin-Eosin for histological studies. Also, real-time PCR was performed to determine the expression level of osteocalcin gene. The dose of 100 ppm of lead acetate II reduced mineralization and bone density, and decreased the relative density of osteoblasts. Also, the diameter of the bone marrow increased while the expression of osteocalcin gene decreased in tested group in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). The present study suggests that 100 ppm oral doses of lead acetate II might have strong destructive effects on femur histology and osteocalcin expression.

Chronic obesity can lead to inflammation of the testes which can affect the production of testosterone and spermatogenesis. As omega 3 is acting as an anti inflammatory, this study aimed to investigate the effects of omega 3 on serum testosterone levels and quality of spermatozoa in obese rats. 25 male rats, 2-3 months old and weighting 160-240 g were divided into 5 groups. The control group was given a standamrd diet. The treatment 1 group received high fat diet and cheese while the treatment 2, 3, and 4 groups were given high fat diet and cheese for 6 weeks followed by omega 3 administration at doses of 28.8, 46.8, and 64.8 mg, respectively during the next 51 days . At the end of treatment period, serum testosterone levels were analyzed by ELISA, and sperm amount, motility, viability, and morphology were observed under a digital microscope. Data were analyzed using one way Anova test followed by Bonferroni post hoc test to analyze the differences of influence between groups. Results showed that serum testosterone levels as well as the amount and viability of spermatozoa were not significantly different between studied groups (P= 0.230, P= 0.071, and P= 0.241, respectively). The mobility of spermatozoa (P= 0.039), and their morphology (P= 0.047) were significantly affected by omega 3 treatment. Omega 3 may affect fertility by improving the motility and morphology of spermatozoa.

This report shows for the first time, the evidence of IL6 gene in an Echinodermata, so in an Invertebrate. It recalls also the existence of IL2 gene, we have found also in the Ophuirid: Ophiocomina nigra, the sister of the Asterid: Asterias rubens. All these animals belong to Echinodermata.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity can mimic a myriad of ulcerative lesions in the mouth. This is particularly true for medically complex patients who due to their underlying systemic condition and multiple use of drugs, are prone to oral lesions. With increasing dental awareness, more patients are presenting early to the oral surgeons. The era of patients presenting first to the clinician with characteristic fungating solitary ulcer in the mouth with rocky hard submandibular lymph node involvement may be fast disappearing. The aim of the present report is to present a female patient with multiple focal area of erythema on the right lateral border of the tongue which though appeared innocuous but was discovered to be SCC after punch biopsy. High index of suspicion with proper attention to clinical details will be necessary for early diagnosis of SCC in the oral cavity, and therefore improve the overall prognosis of the patient.