فصلنامه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران
سال سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1393)

Female-headed households and the women in charge of them are one of the most vulnerable chunks of a society, often highly affected by divorces, passing or disability of their husband, drug-abuse of their partner, or immigration of their husbands. That Is why this study is focused on bottlenecks of parenting and children socialization for female-headed households, which is divided into five subcategories, cumulatively studied in seven hypotheses.
In this study, referential methods are employed for verification and data gathering in theories, and traversal methods are used for management of data. The sample data consists of all the women in this category, covered by Tehran municipality, and its size is calculated via Cochran formula method to be 328 people. Random sampling has been used to access elements of the data sample, and analysis unit is set to be each responsive person. The geographical location of the study is the city of Tehran, and it was done in Jalali year 1392 (2013 Gregorian). Data was gathered via surveys. Credibility of the surveys were assessed by the visual methods, and the final edition employed Cronbach's (alpha=0.77), which was calculated to be .77, demonstrating that the sampling tools are desirably persistent. For further data analysis, the descriptive section includes one dimensional tables, as well as mean and variance diagrams. To define discoveries, t test and correlations are used.

Bullying is a kind of peers’ altercation which usually occurs in schools. It seems to be a universal phenomenon that can be observed almost in all classrooms. Since the expansion of information and communication technologies, there have been social concerns related to negative effects of these networks, especially in adolescents. In this paper which documentary methodology by referring to executed researches is used, we investigate to find answers to the following questions. What is cyber bullying? What are its differences and resemblances with offline or traditional bullying? What are the consequences for its victims? What are the characteristics of bullies and victims? How common is the cyber bulling and what are its consequences? Results reveal that in cyber bullying despite traditional bullying, there are possibilities to physically separate bully and victim. By misusing internet, they stay anonymous and believe there is a little chance to be traced. Committing suicide, eating disorders, escaping from home, depression, expelling from school and aggressive behaviors in adulthood are some consequences of being bulled. In conclusion traditional and cyber bulling have close relation and in many cases bullying is started in school or community and expanded in virtual spaces.

Modernization in Kurdistan as an uncompleted process , in it’s historical transition , by religiousness which is the strongest and the most fundamental current cultural and social element , has encountered the researchers with this question that “ What kind of effect has the process of modernization on the rate of religiousness of people? “
This study investigates the relationship between modernization and changing the attitudes and religious behaviors of the young people in the city of Sanandaj and the villages around it. This study was conducted in measuring method in Sanandaj and six villages around it. To assess the theories , 583 of young people ( between 18-29 years old ) in the city and villages were selected by cluster sampling method and also questionnaires related to assess the rate of religiousness ( according to Glock and Stark religiousness scale ) , the rate of modernity ( according to Inkeles , Smith and Sharma ) , the quality of life ( the questionnaire of WHOQQOL – BREF ) ,the rate of social capital and also with using of Berger’s method about “the secondary carriers of modernization “ , the questions about the variables of urbanization , education and the rate of using of mass media ( limited to satellite and internet ) were filled by them.
The results of the data showed that the modernization has a meaningful and reverse relationship with religiousness so that the young people who were more affected by modernization had less religious consideration and dependency. Among the studied variables in Path Analysis , “ scientific orientation “ and “ independence orientation “ as elements of modernity and urbanization had the highest forecasting ability to religiousness rate.

This article attempts to study the meanings and significations of women’s clothing in a particular cultural/social space, namely Kermanshah city. This city is highly heterogeneous religiously, ethnically and culturally has got a very complicated social stratification. Women’s clothing, being problematic due to interweaving of traditional/modern aspects of lifestyles in Iran, is a sign with various meanings and significations which plays different functions according to its specific context. The theoretical basis of this research is a constellation of Giddenz, Simmel and Goffman about body management, lifestyle, clothing and sense-making processes in everyday life. The different concepts of these thinkers, we claim, can be formulated into a useful conceptual framework that clarifies the various aspects of the subject matter. The research method is a qualitative one, namely grounded theory; and individual deep interview is used for gathering data. The sampling is achieved through purposeful/theoretical sampling, with variation and theoretical saturation in mind. The findings show that women interpret clothing differently and their interpretations can be categorized into 138 concepts, 31 main categories and 7 central categories. In the final pace, a central core is derived from this codification. The main categories are: clothing is something beyond Hejab; clothing is a way of distinction and identification; a way of body management and self-reflection; a mediation of body representation; a product of agency/structure struggle and an instrument for creating security. The core conclusion of this article is that clothing has been problematic among women is being interpreted differently.

The study of causal inference in this study a combination of methods and techniques underlying theory or theories Grand combination was used. . In this study, in which a total of 51 in-depth interviews, interviews with 5 religious-ideological, psychological, sociological, political and cultural-literary dedicated management and some even went to the field. Analysis of the data shows that the concerns of managers and their coding despite the understanding of The issue of youth, faced with uncertainties. leading choice. In some cases, also try to shift their problems. The study analyzed data from Young people tend to distract and imported cult Howe mysticism and beliefs, joy and happiness for the young and the opportunities and threats facing it, the lack of good public spaces in the city of Iranian youth needs and issues in the field of 5-fold.These findings remained the same when alternative explanations were taken into account, such as intellectual functioning, the quality of parenting, social class, and antisocial behaviour such as fighting, lying, and stealing. The study also found evidence of spill-over effects, where social problems contributed to increasing internalizing symptoms over time. Those who were less socially competent in childhood were more likely to experience anxiety or depression in adolescence.