نشریه مطالعات نقد زبانی و ادبی
پیاپی 4 (بهار 1397)

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857_1913) , is a Swiss linguist and one the most important features of semiotics who defined cause and effect also introduced linguistic and speech system, synchrony and diachrony, paradigmatic axis and syntagmatic axis. also VAZHANEH is a style that ArashAzarpik has represented and improved based on structural linguistic and Saussure’s definitions, which gets improvement from cause and effect definition, paradigmatic axis and syntagmatic axis, and language grammar. This article includes survey and analyze on VAZHANEH style and Saussure linguistic definitions and on how this style gets improvement from language grammar (structural linguistic) from the view of philosophicalliterary school. Some examples have been chosen that can be generalized to other VAZHANEHs and have improvements from language grammar and paradigmatic axis and syntagmatic axis. The goal of this article is, analyzation of a kind of writing (VAZHANEH) based on structural linguistic grammar.

Jakobson’s communication function, the Russian linguist and literary theorist, analyzes communication functions which are language, message (poetry), transmitter (poet), receiver (reader). The communication between reader and literary text has been many poet’s worry. Very much that in /poetry, literary text, receiver/ triangle the ones who had payed more attention on literary text had seen less welcomes and vice in versa. In this article we tried to analyze the communication function of VAZHANEH style based on Jakobson communication functions and find the answer of this question that, how can we adapt and analyze the VAZHANEH style with jakobson communication functions? For this, some VAZHANEH style poetries from different poets has been selected and analyzed. Based on conclusions of this research in this kind of writing, sometimes the poet pays more attention on the message of text and sometimes he pays more attention on the receiver; but the attention on message(poetry) is more than other functions because it delays the process of understanding of the meaning for the receiver and makes them search for it.

In cognitive semantics, metaphor has been assigned a new meaning, aiming to evaluate the meaning of a more abstract field expressed in a more concrete field. Using a descriptive-analytic method within the framework of Laykoff’s contemporary theory of metaphor, this research aimed to explore metaphor development and to study the function of metaphor expressions in the conversations of high school students. Attempts were to find out the frequency of the metaphors used by the young people for expressing their opinions and intentions. The statistical population of this research included all 5000 high school students (aged 15-18) studying at some high schools in the academic year 2015-2016, of whom a sample of 550 students was selected using the random cluster sampling method. We used interviews and a questionnaire to collect the data required for this research. The data extracted from the ordinary conversations of the students were analyzed by quantitative statistical techniques, including the frequency distribution of the metaphors and the chi-square test. The metaphors in the data were classified based on their semantic functions and relevant mapping. The results indicated a significant difference between the metaphorical expressions used by male and female students. The findings revealed that male students used more metaphors in their conversations than females did. The findings also showed that structural metaphors were the most frequent ones used by both groups. In addition, orientational metaphors had the highest frequency of occurrence among male students, while female students most frequently used ontological metaphors.

According to history resources, Juvayni Dynasty took their ancestors’ jobs and positions adequately. The dynasty included a series of prominent men who, for three to four generations, worked as well-known figures for bureaucrat organizations and did their responsibilities without concerns for governors’ who were mainly non- Iranian.
Juvayni dynasty are a true sample of the particularly bureaucrat social class of Iran who, as this article explains, have left a good lasting reputation of themselves in the history of Iran. Conducting a research about a dynasty who had a significant role in the Iranian bureaucratic life even in the most critical days of the society is of great significance. Also, the dynasty’s way of continuous sustainability and endurance against the dictatorship of ignorant people and destroyers such as Mongols is a remarkable point which this article deals with.

In contemporary literary criticism has been the focus of many scholars and literary works are studied from different perspectives. Developments in literary criticism, leading to the creation of linguistic school structuralism inspired by the theories of "Ferdinand de Saussure" was. Morphology of a variety of approaches to literary criticism where researchers attempt to study and analyze the interaction between structural units. The result can be one of the most important objectives of the study is to determine the scientific framework for the story. The analysis Began of the first decades of the twentieth century With "Morphology of Fairy Tales" Propp. Methods Prop So he divided the story into small pieces and was compared with each other. Then they will be based on the nature of the story and described mutual relations with each other and with the whole story. This study is the story of the book KalilawaDimna According to Vladimir Propp, Morphology Analysis of the Russians.

Dialogue is the most important link in humans. Mikhail Bakhtin, the dialoguelogic theoretician, considers dialogue as the result of interaction between the speaker and the listener, which is formed in the social context. A critical review of Mikhail Bakhtin's life and thoughts reveals that the conditions and atmosphere in the era of Stalin's dictatorship and authoritarian leadership had a profound impact on the formation and manifestation of his ideas and thoughts. Such kind ofattitude and ideology seems true for Akhavan Sales. Similar to what Bakhtin did, Akhavan Sales showed the most egalitarian words in his poems and calls of freedom and liberation in the non-democratic atmosphere of Pahlavi's silence and censorship and dealt with Pahlavi’sdictatorship. The poetry of the “Winter Collection” can be regarded as an advent of such thoughts. The poet, using the language and the symbolic expression, portrayed the perversion of Iran's post-coup condition.The most commonapproaches that the Akhavan Sales used for establishing dialogue was through polyphony, narration, intertextuality, using “I” and “you” pronouns, and addressing statements. This article outlines the above-mentioned points in the Akhavan Sales “winter collection” poems.

In Ghaznavi's court, influential people played important roles in making decisions and we are constantly seeing them in different decisions. Intercession is an aspect of the perception of these individuals.In this research, a description of the types of mediators in the Ghaznavi court is presented with a picture of the Ghaznavi court.To this end, the semantic and verbal limits of intercession are first examinedand after examining intercession in SiasatnamaKhwajaNizam al-Mulkas the fifth-century political manifesto,an interactive survey has been conducted inTarrikheBehaghi.In general, it is possible to examine the intercession under the following four categories:asking for intercession, gaining personal interests in intercession, intercession from a particular group, political and governmental reasons for intercessions.The findings suggest that many mediations were formaland in addition to saving the intercessor, there are also benefits for intercessor and intercessor.The result is that the court in Ghazni was the center of a variety of political assassinationsand despite the reigning kingdom like MassoudGhaznavi, space was available for all kinds of hostility and influence.In such an atmosphere nobody was sure of his futureand we are constantly witnessing the arrest and then the release, or confiscation and murder of people in the Ghaznavi court.This paper has been done by analytical-descriptive method.