An Evaluation of the economic, social, cultural, and political impact of Reverse Migration on villages of tonekabon and Ramsar in Mazandaran Province

Tonekabon and Ramsar are northern coastal cities of Iran، which have witnessed reverse migration flows. The aim of the present study is to investigate the economic، social، political and cultural consequences of reverse migration on the villages of Ramsar and Tonekabon. The theoretical framework was made use of functionalism and life cycle theory. The research method was survey and two types of sampling methods were used. A quota sampling distributed questionnaires randomly among 370 villagers to assess their status before and after migrating to the village، and a purposive sampling method used the snowball technique to distribute a questionnaire among those same 370 people plus 93 rural residents in the village who hold community and government offices. Results indicated a significant and positive relationship between reverse migration and economic، social، and political development. Reverse migrant، however، had a significant but negative impact on the cultural development of the villages. Factor loadings associated with the reverse migration indicated that positive economic performance had the highest impact factor (0/74) with reverse migration.