Glacial Evidences in the Border Mountainous Areas among the Iran, Turkey and Iraq

In the Azarbayeghan Gharbi Province, Bozesina and Dalamper mountains are located through Oshnavieh and Uromieh devisions and near the frontiers of Iran, Iraq and Turkey. This area as mountainous curve are overlook to Margavar plain. Dalamper summit which is located in the north of Bozsina with 3 kilometers distance. Bozesina is located in the northern section of Zagros Mountain Range and through the Sanandaj-Sirjan geologic zone, which is fractured by the pressures of Arabian Tectonic plate on western areas of Iran. These glaciers are begun from 3483 m asl and its components are continued to 2500 m asl. There are some small and big cirques and many glacial valleys in the vicinity of Bozesina. In this study, we have investigated the glacial evidences of Bozesina and Dalamper mountains. Based on synoptic data of Uromieh and Oshnavieh’s weather stations in the period 1995-2012, we have deduced that annual rainfall in this region is 325 to 448 mm, 68% of the total precipitation occur in cold period, the mean of temperature is C 11º and snow cover on the mountain can remain until the late September. The study area is mainly influence of western moist air masses from Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Snow melting provides water flows in permanent tributaries of Baranduz River.
Data and The interested area was initially extracted from topographic maps, scale of 1:25000, Digital Elevation Model from Aster sensor and observation in a field campaign from late August to early September in 2012-2014. Some samples were taken from the valleys’ sediments of the mountain and sediments’ sites were recorded by GPS. At first, some large and small cirques have been detected in this study area that they have extended in the northeast. This field work was very laborious in the harsh insecure and inhospitable region. Through the field of studies, we detected some cirques with unique characteristics. In Bozsina glacier valley, there are many evidences of glacial sedimentation in altitudes of 2600-3005 meters. There are many alluvial terraces downstream the rivers of Baranduz river. These terraces indicate the changing of climate in the past of the region. From detection of their sources we could achieve, 50 coarse grains have been prepared for roundness and sphericity analysis and 200 g of each sample for granulometric analysis.
The regression model of Temperature - height and coincidence with field’s evidences have created three domains on the slopes of the Bozsina and Dalampr mountains. Some large cirques have been presented in the cirque realm spatially in the slopes of Bozesina. The most obvious Bozesina cirque includes three cirques. The cirque which is located in the northeast is larger than two others. Also, there are some cirques exists between Dalampr and Bozesina such as Myrgehfal; furthermore some big glacial valleys be on the slopes of dalamper and Bozesina Mountains. Three to four river terraces can be seen in downstream river of Baranduz. These terraces indicate that the changing of past climate in this region. Heavy snowfall in Dalamper Mountain is continued from October to May in this region and the rivers are originated from the mountain and left some sediments as alluvial fans and terraces. Snow melting at the end of ices age produced powerful flows draining and these materials evacuated from mountainous’ area. The investigation indicated that these sediments of the terraces are very angular grains and originated from Dalamper and Bozesina Mountains.
The glacial periods have left their traces and evidence such as cirques, valleys, craved lines on hard rocks. The evidences of the effecting of glacial erosion indicate the prevalence and dominance of ice and permanent snow. Accumulation effects of the glaciers include types of some moraines. These aforementioned explanations represent peri-glacial areas or freeze- thaw activity in quaternary. The results of field observations and sedimentology analyses indicated that in the last cold period the glaciers were dominant in that region and remained their traces, cirques and glacial valleys. The comparison between the roundness and sphericity coefficient with the researches of Powers (1953) demonstrated that the particles are relatively angular, stretched and not completely rounded and these indicate their durability and movements inside the ice. Given that the samples were taken from glacial valleys, with increase in distance from Bozesina cirque, 1 any significant differences in these samples. This is the typical of movements of glacier tongue in glacial period.