The Investigation of Bank Loans Role for Housing in Rural Development (Case Study: Rural Areas in Ošnaviya County)

In recent decades, especial plan to improve rural housing in 1974 has begun by Islamic Revolution’s Housing Foundation. The aims were to improve rural context and the promotion of health, safety, and welfare of rural housing. With regarded to accelerating in possess of providing loans and banking facilities to rural housing sector in the form of various projects and plans in rural areas in recent decades, no doubt, they have not been without outcome. This such outcomes had justified the opinion claimed in this paper. Accordingly, the main goal of study is to investigate the role of housing bank loans on rural development as one of the rural development programs and answering to these basic questions that how housing bank loans effects on social, economic, environment and physical dimensions?
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The aim of Housing credits has been improving the quality of rural housing. One of the rationales or necessities to implement spatial plan for strengthening housing in Iran has originated from this reason that most villagers are living in homes which are inadequate and incomplete and lack the required standards. Because rural housing is not resistant against environmental hazards, this becomes one of the critical problems in our country. Rural development has been one of the main objectives of each country within the framework of sustainable development paradigm that includes the desirable and sustainable conditions in social, economic, physical and environmental aspects. Finally, this plan is trying to promote the living quality and achieving human perfection. Indeed, rural development must be rooted in rural areas and natural condition of its sociality in the process of national development. About importance of rural development, theorists such as Friedman and Weitz from Roohot School said that, national development depended on rural development. Accordingly, housing bank loans which are given by the state in housing sector, have had different influences on social, economic, physical and environmental aspects.
In this study, research method is descriptive- qualitative (surveys) by using contextual-oriented theory which have been done on heuristic method. In this method, instead of inferencing theories, concepts, hypotheses and propositions from previous assumptions or other researches or theoretical frameworks available, it would discover directly from the data. Then, when collecting and analyzing data is stopped, the theory would be providing the deep understanding of our study subjects. On the other hand, this theory will be derived from data collected during the research process systematically. In fact, it is a theory which is based on data, but not a theory which is the sum of a series of concepts based on experience or mere reflections. This method would be more likely to reflect the reality. And because of the contextual-oriented theory is derived from data, you could have a deeper insight and understanding of subjects and problems. Then this can be a good guideline to operation. Research method in action was the content analysis and interpretation.
Based on the analysis of the interviews, most of the respondents had primary education. It means they have low education. In terms of employment, they categorized into four type jobs including farmer (% 60), rancher (% 10), husbandry (% 0), and the other occupations (% 30). It means most of the borrowers of loans were farmers. Interviews indicated that loan amounts were low and they had expenditure 2 times and sometimes 3 times than received loans. It’s mean that loans have used to only initial level of construction activities namely the construction of foundations. On the other hand, they had not enough money or capital to complete the remained of construction. This case makes that construction process to build housing takes long time. Thus, villagers were discontent with loan amount. The results from field studies and interviews have presented in tables in each domain (social, economic, physical and environmental) by SPSS software.
According to data, one can suggest that housing banking facilities have had an effective role in the social dimension of rural development. Because the overall weight for this dimension and profile was %75 and all indexes in this aspect have had a high percentage. Benefit from welfare level and health condition has had highest percentage in between them; Then, cultural changes and social status, social interaction, productivity, education and infrastructure (water and electricity, etc.) and population changes respectively. Participation rate from %100 was %15 that was the lowest rate. Although, population changes have not any effect on decreasing migration desire, population growth has played a significant role. After analysis of data, one can conclude that housing bank facilities have had highest effects as fiscal stimulus to rural development in physical aspect and next stages were in terms of environmental, social and economic impact. Based on done weighting, aspects were into high, high, high and medium respectively. But, only moderate impact has been economic sector due to the lack of government plans attention to relationship between residential units and rural livelihoods, whereas, it was a critical aspect to rural living.
Analyzing done in this study shows that giving housing banking facilities to rural housing as one of the development dimension and government policies in the framework of this paradigm with regard to the social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions could be generally successful. Although, it did not have necessary and respected effects. And, this faced against some limitations and obstacles or strengths and weaknesses in practice. But, most successful with regarded to tables (2, 3, 4, 5) were in physical, environmental and social aspects respectively. in addition to, most of villagers have been forced to sell themselves livestock and change jobs to pay the mortgage. Productivity index, which has gained a more weight, is due to that fact. The only change in the index was to access network, residential and living environment that one can consider them as positive effects of this aspect. So, banking facilities to rural housing as a part of development plan and one of the state policies successfully operate in framework of this paradigm, although, have faced with few limitations and obstacles.