A Review on Nail Diseases: section 2

In this section three kinds of traumatic nail disorders (onycholysis, onychauxis, and onychogryphosis) will be explained.
Onycholysis is a common nail disorder. It is the loosening or separation of a fingernail or toenail from its nail bed. It usually starts at the tip of the nail and progresses back. Onycholysis can occur in many conditions, including psoriasis. In thyrotoxicosis it is thought to be due to sympathetic overactivity. It may also be seen in infections or trauma. Other causes includes: Idiopathic, Trauma, excessive manicuring, Infection: especially fungal, Skin disease: for example psoriasis, and dermatitis, Impaired peripheral circulation e.g. Raynauds, Systemic disease: hyper- and hypothyroidism, reactive arthritis, porphyria cutanea tarda, Sometimes a reaction to detergents (e.g. washing dishes with bare hands, using detergent-based shampoos or soaps). Patients with hepatocellular dysfunction may develop hair-thinning or hair loss and nail changes such as clubbing, leukonychia (whitening), or onycholysis, affecting the nails of the hands and feet.
Onychauxis presents with thickened nails without deformity, and this simple thickening may be the result of trauma, acromegaly, Darier's disease, psoriasis, or pityriasis rubra pilaris, or, in some cases, hereditary.
Onychogryphosis or onychogryposis is a hypertrophy that may produce nails resembling claws or a ram's horn. Onychogryphosis may be caused by trauma or peripheral vascular disease,Diabetes, and failure to cut the nails for extended periods of time. This condition is most commonly seen in the elderly.