Welfare upon the Father, the Son, the Holy Ghost: An Approach to the Concept Spiritus Sanctus in the Manichaean Trinity

In this article, the Manichaean trinity, one of the most important fundamental concepts in the Manichaean theology, is introduced. In the Turfan Manichaean texts, which in the trinity are mentioned, the Holy Ghost was to be confused sometimes with the Living Spirit, who is another prominent emanation of the Father of Greatness. In a textological study, the article tries to identify both the divinities and, while the text is ambiguous, to shed light on this question: who is addressed: the Living Spirit or the Holy Ghost? Here, the second meaning of Middle Persian/Parthian wʾd and Sogdian wʾt “wind” in the Manichaean texts is studied