Seismic Performance of X-Type Braced Steel Frame with Rubber and Lead Rings in Bolt Connections

In structures with brace, one major problem is the great hardness of the bracings frames which are efficient to improve the seismic performance and to reduce the size of the hardness. A highly stiff braced frame cannot adequately dissipate the energy exerted by earthquake, so it causes the structure to absorb a large portion of this energy. As a result, designers always look for viable strategies that allow the steel structure to move along earthquake motions and dissipate this energy. This paper sought to evaluate one of such strategies, which is the use o