A reflection on the fragile Living cause of the Second Constitutional Revolution in the Iranian Society (1329-1327)

A reflection on the fragile Living cause of the Second Constitutional Revolution in the Iranian Society (1329-1327) The second constitution following a year of resistance and the armed struggle of militia under the auspices of the ulama was once again deployed in Iranian society. Nevertheless, the second constitution was similar to the experience of the first Constitutional Revolution, unsustainable, fragile, and instability. The life of this foundation lasted less than two years, and eventually was eliminated with the Russian ultimatum in 1329. The analysis of the fragile Living cause of the second constitution through of the study of the role of the ulama by relying on the theoretical approach of Tocqueville forms core of the present paper. For this purpose, the course of the political activity of the ulama as one of the most influential political forces in the uprising and constitutional revolution has been studied in two stages: first, revitalizing activity and the second stabilizing activity. The research emphasizes that the centralization of political transformation without considering the socio-cultural transformation project appropriate to structural changes is one of the most effective reasons for the short-lived life of the second constitutional revolution.