Analysis of the role of socio-economic factors in formation and expansion of informal settlements metropolis of Mashhad

Analysis of the role of socio-economic factors in formation and expansion of informal settlements metropolis of Mashhad

Informal settlements are tissues that are on the margins of cities and metropolitan areas of the country and have formed outside the official development program. Residents of these tissues are low-income and rural migrants. The tissues that are made quickly are no safety, strength, social security, services and urban infrastructure. Mashhad is one of the most troubled metropolitan centers of informal settlements in the country that 33 percent of Mashhad make up marginalization. The population of the settlements reached in 1393 to one million, one hundred and eighty-three thousand people living in an area of 3894 hectares have been developed within the city and outside of Mashhad city services. The city of Mashhad has inflicted problems: the loss of agricultural land and open spaces, joining the villages adjacent to the city, Unplanned development and horizontal city, the lack of appropriate infrastructure and consequently immediate consequence, legal issues and how to land acquisition problems, age composition Young the settlements and employment, cultural and religious diversity and management problems and pressures imposed economic, social, physical and environmental. The consequences show the necessity of identifying causes the formation and spread of this problem. This consequences shows that it is necessary to pay attention to this issue and identify the causes of the formation and spread of this problem and ultimately efficient and effective planning in Mashhad. In this paper two categories of formation and expansion of informal settlements has been selected as the socio-cultural and economic factors that The factors and variables that are determined by reviewing the literature and interviews with experts and the effects of these factors in this study based on surveys of experts identified and the degree of importance of each of the factors and variables also can be obtained through questionnaires residents of the informal settlement areas....,

Methodology in this study is descriptive – analytical that the data collection is the documents (the library) and survey that were collected through questionnaires(designed by the researchers) , interviews and surveys. The study population was experts associated with the informal settlements (organizational experts, university professors and companies Consulting Engineers) and residents of informal settlements in Mashhad.Estimating the sample size, we used a stratified cluster sampling method and Cochran formula were applied and 384 people and the number 55 is considered the first community questionnaire that was completed by Delphi method several times. The data were analyzed by SPSS and Vensim softwares. Residents of informal settlements in the questionnaire reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of 0.909 and 0.882 respectively experts in the questionnaire that reliability is valid. In the next step, the second interview (Delphi), the results were used the views of some experts to design the core system.

Informal settlements is very complex and multi-dimensional urban and purpose of this study is to identify factors formation and expansion of informal settlements and ranking and evaluation of their efficacy to regulate and prevent the spread of this phenomenon in Mashhad. In this paper, the theoretical foundations of economic and social factors variables were collected during interviews with experts (55 professors, managers, experts, organizations and consulting engineers) and some fell and some were replaced. The test results showed that economic factors had a greater effect on the formation and expansion of informal settlements Mashhad and the more important variables are low income and poverty, drought and agricultural stagnation and unemployment. The residents and experts on this one is just different look at a more comprehensive experts that the drought and recession agriculture, the main factor has been considered, but these factors have a greater impact on the formation of the settlements and the responses of residents More according to the present state of this zone is the stage to the formation stage. Residents and experts in these two ideas can be most effective variable social factors as migration, rapid population growth and religious attraction in Mashhad. Finally the system diagram drawing the socio-economic development of informal settlements Mashhad and relationships of cause and effect with respect to the effect of variables.

Relations between variables is one-sided and double-sided shape that creates a cycles. Strong sycles belongs to the economic variables that act as primary causes that led to the decision of the Immigration and traverse the birthplace especially for villagers. The consequence of this cycle in urban and suburban migration that the suburban migration has a greater role in the formation and the emergence of informal settlements and urban migration occurred in recent years and it has intensified the spread of the informal settlements. Two variable feed of the cycle: drought and agricultural stagnation and inflation and a steady increase in the cost of living that strongly makes the full power of this cycle and this cycle is also driving forces for other cycles which causes secondary or assist role (as Metropolis and religious charm Mashhad) and sometimes the result of informal settlements (rapid population growth, increasing rates of illiteracy). Perhaps in the course of time, the population growth and the expansion of informal settlements fell slightly and cycles move slower but statistics and rate of growth of informal settlement area show that never halt the spread of informal settlements. According to the final diagram should aim for and targeting strategies and recommendations to the weak cycle that affect the expansion of informal settlements that these cycles tend to strategies at regional and national level. Strengthen agriculture in the Mashhad, strengthening intermediate towns and cities adjacent to consider housing for low-income, inflation control, formalization of land ownership in this area and social empowerment of the residents can be a means of weakening or failure of this cycle.