Clarifying the principles of passive defense in the architectural design of Underground Residential Complexes by Delphi method

Nowadays, we can reduce the severity and extent of the damages due to natural and unnatural hazards by using comprehensive crisis management plans in architecture and urban planning. One of the most important measures could be applying passive defense principles. This study is an applied research in a descriptive-analytical manner. The main question of the research is: "Which solutions in accordance with passive defense principles are suitable for the design of underground residential complexes?" To answer this question, design criteria and sub-criteria of residential space architectures based on passive defense principles were collected by library studies.  Accordingly, 4 main criteria including: location, site design, architectural design, shelter design, and 29 sub-criteria were prepared. Then, by Delphi technique, the questionnaires were completed by 20 passive defense experts in three steps, and the criteria, sub-criteria and design suggestions were weighed using Expert Choice software and AHP method. The results show that the "locating" criterion with the weight of 0.272 is the most significant amongst the four main criteria. Also, the "neighborhood and framework" sub-criterion with the weight of 0.056, and "form", "natural-environmental", and "materials to construct shelters"sub-criteria with the weight of 0.053 are the most important subcategories. Finally, for each sub-criterion, the best design proposal is presented.