The philosophical foundations of anarchism (The anarchism concealed in competing schools)

Hobbs and Locke are two of the founders of modern philosophy. Though both are widely known as political philosophers, Hobb's "Leviathan" and Locke's "An essay concerning human understanding" are among the most important epistemological works in the 17th century and the beginning of the modern era. Rousseau was not an epistemologist, but, under the influence of Locke's epistemological philosophy, founded a specific type of anthropology that dominated the social contract political philosophy. What kind of relationship can be established among epistemology, anthropology, and political philosophy in these scholars? The present paper is to answer the question based on the hypothesis that Locke's epistemology prepared the grounds for Rousseau's anthropology and that both of them, though with deferent degrees of clarity, strengthened a thesis that may be called concealed anarchism. Later, Marx reinforced the idea and, thus, it turned into an integrated part of competing philosophies such liberalism and socialism.