References for the judicial presumption of prescription in the opinion of Professor Jafari Langarudi and courts' judgments

The value of judicial presumption is determined by the judge under the authority of Law. In this case, a judge can decide on the truth of the issue and issue the proper verdict. Judicial presumptions are indeed deductions found by the judge based on the evidence given by the case parties. Such deduction and reasoning are based on some foundations and references. For instance, suspicion has been introduced as one of the judicial presumptions. The state of suspicion is a reference in which the judge relies on the judicial presumption. It means that the judge becomes suspicious about signs and indications or other factors such as custom, reason, logic, and the relationship between these factors and the subject matter. In this case, the judge must rely on the presumption. In the opinion of Professor Jafari Langarudi, normal knowledge can be used as a reference for judicial presumption. The normal knowledge of the judge is acquired from references such as the custom existing between people, questions and answers of parties, or logical and reasonable causes. Accordingly, the aforementioned references create an extent of confidence and knowledge for the judge that creates a normal knowledge or judicial presumption. As resources of judicial presumption, custom, questions and answers of parties, and logical and reasonable signs are sometimes used in verdicts issued by courts.