Experimental Analysis of the Effect of the Distance of a Submerged Berm in front of a Reshaping Rubble Mound Breakwater on Diminishing the Damage Parameter

Numerous studies have been conducted on the performance of breakwaters. Armor layer stability and structural porosity, height, and size on reshaping rubbed mound breakwaters have been frequently studied. Sayao and Da Silva (2016) analyzed the relationships of breakwater parameters, e.g., wall slope, crest width, and height, with the behavior of incident waves. It is crucial to evaluate the stability and damage parameter of breakwaters. Research has shown that characteristic variables are important in the damage estimation of breakwaters to improve accuracy and reduce tests (Janardhan et al., 2015). Submerged breakwaters reduce wave energy and can be an effective alternative to protect the existing breakwaters (Bungin, 2021). The present study aimed to explore the effects of a submerged obstacle in the seaward (and its position) on the stability of a rubble mound breakwater based on the damage parameter. Tests were carried out in the absence and presence of a submerged obstacle at a distance of 0-20 cm with 5-cm intervals (seaward) to evaluate the effect of the distance on the breakwater damage parameter.