The sustainable supply chain of CO2 emissions during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic

This investigation aims to demonstrate an application mathematical model of the sustainable closed-loop supply chain network (SCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can illustrate the trade-offs between environmental, economic, and social dimensions during the epidemic. The costs include the normal costs and the hygienic costs. The total cost was increased in the COVID-19 pandemic by 25.14 %. The novelty social aspects of this model include the average number of lost days caused by COVID-19 damage and the number of created new job opportunities related to COVID-19. The average number of lost days caused by damages increased by 51.64 % during COVID-19. The CO2 emissions were decreased by17.42 %. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem. We use the weighted sum method (WSM) approach for the scalarization approach. To optimize the process, Lingo software has been used. Our contributions to this research are i) Suggested an application model of SSC to show better the trade-offs between three aspects of sustainability in the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown periods, ii) Designing the hygienic and safe SC for employees, iii) developing the social and economic indicators, iv) We have found the negative and positive impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns on SC, v) Finally, we analyze the mathematical model and discuss managerial implications. Therefore, this investigation tries to fill this gap for COVID-19 condition disaster. This research's novelty is to simultaneously present a MOMIP model, COVID-19 issues, and hygienic rules, in a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) framework.