Energy procurement of a cellular base station in independent microgrids with electric vehicles and renewable energy sources: Mixed-integer nonlinear programming model

The cellular base stations are communication devices that ensure the connection in the world. Nevertheless, they are usually installed in remote places. This paper, studied the energy procurement of a cellular base stations in an independent microgrid with a hydrogen-based energy storage system, photovoltaic (PV) system, electric vehicles and a diesel generator. A new mixed-integer nonlinear programming model was used to deal with nonlinearities of the system components. The paper studied different uncertainties, such as the connection rate in cellular base stations, the driver of the electric vehicle, and PV generation, using stochastic programming method. The potency of the proposed method was studied in different case studies. The results prove that smart electric vehicle chargers reduce the risks and also cost/emission objective functions. The usage of this model can reduce the emissions as much as 18.60%.