Translation of eco-cultural concepts in Shel Silverstein's works based on the theoretical frameworks of Ivir and Newmark

Nowadays, the concepts useful for children and teenagers are provided to them in literary formats indirectly, many of which have been presented in the form of translation, and among them, satirical works such as Shel Silverstein's works have a special place for audience. Razi Hirmandi is one of the very well-known and prolific translators in the field of children's and youth literature in Iran, who has focused on the translation of Silverstein's works. In this research, the classification of eco-cultural concepts of Newmark (1988) and Ivir’s (1987) model of translation have been used as a framework for examining Hirmandi's translations of Silverstein's two selected works in a descriptive-analytical way. Analyzing the descriptive statistics of the data in this study shows that the translator has benefited mostly from borrowing as a translation strategy, and literal translation and substitution are the next options. Interpretation of findings and implications of the study are presented in the final part.