Genome Characterization and Phylogeny Analysis of Invertebrates Parvoviruses

Non-conserved sequences in the parvoviruses' genome are involved in the virus-host interactions, so analysis of the complete genome sequence of the parvoviruses broadens our perspective about parvoviruses' host tropism and evolution. This study aimed to analyze the phylogeny of the 25 parvoviruses that infect invertebrates from Densovirinae and Hamaparvovirinae subfamilies based on the complete genome and NS1 gene sequences. According to the whole-genome phylogenetic tree, hamaparvoviruses are close to each other; however, they are in the middle of densoviruses clades. Applying non-NS1 sequences for constructing the phylogenetic tree causes Hamaparvovirinae to disperse among Densovirinae members, which shows the possible ancestor relationship of these two subfamilies. The divergence difference between the NS1 nucleotide sequence and the whole genome was higher in Densovirinae compared with Hamaparvovirinae. In Hamaparvovirinae, there is approximately no difference in divergence of NS1 gene sequence compared with the whole genome, which indicates that non-NS1 sequences in densoviruses are more diverse than these sequences in Hamaparvovirinae members. The evolutionary divergence between Hamaparvovirinae and Densovirinae was slightly higher in the whole genome compared with NS1 sequences. As both Hamaparvovirinae and Densovirinae used in this study infect invertebrates, the low difference in divergence value between them could be related to their host. Each parvovirus in this study has its unique 5´ and 3´ untranslated regions, which could be used as a genetic fingerprint indicator for parvovirus detection.