Time and Place in Inference of Rules and Its Pathology

One of the fundamental questions in the philosophy of jurisprudence (fiqh) is the following one: "Faced by the changing needs and requirements of time and place, and in spite of the claim that with the Holy Prophet (pbuh) prophethood has been sealed and religion has been established, how may religious rules be efficient?" To understand the way time and place influence ijtihad, a particular ijtihad is required; and this is a particular way to access some religious rules. Adequate knowledge of the contemporary affairs as well as correct and reasonable attention paid to the requirements of time and place are of influence both on rules and the way of ijtihad and inference. To find that how those who infer rules and those who claim for understanding shariah (religious law) are able to be successful when faced by such changing and floating requirements of time and place, one needs to find harms in the way of inference while facing such affairs. In the present writing, the author tries to provide a correct and documented reply for the above question; of course, if we take into account the presumption that man's needs are divided into two parts (fixed and changing) and needs included in the fixed part are of a permanent and universal nature while those in the changing part will change if factors and backgrounds change, rules for each part will be, accordingly, different.