مجله پژوهش های جامعه شناختی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 42، بهار و تابستان 1396)

The present study investigates the relationship between modernism and reluctance towards marriage among youths in Tehran using a survey methodology. The research population included all individuals aged 20 to 40 years living in Tehran. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula. Accordingly, 384 questionnaires were distributed among the respondents using random cluster sampling technique. The conceptual model of the study was developed based on a combination of Ingelhart’s theoretical approach, Adorno and Horkheimer’s family structure, George Gerbner’s cultivation theory and modernist approaches proposed by Giddens, Habermas, and Beck. The independent variables manipulated in this study were individualism, fashion, materialism, gender equality, family, and media consumption that were used as the components of modernism. The findings of the study showed that all the aforementioned variables had a significant positive relationship with reluctance towards marriage. In addition, the results of regression analysis indicated that gender equality (0.371) had the highest total effect on the reluctance to marry, followed by variables such as fashions (0.26), individualism (0.255), and materialism (0.241) which occupied the next positions in terms of their effects on reluctance towards marriage. The value of coefficient of determination (R2) also indicated that that 42% of the variations in reluctance towards marriage can be explained by the variables used in the research model. In addition, F-value (54.741) and the significance level (0.000) show that the research model is significant at the confidence level of 0.99.

Today, achieving comprehensive and sustainable development in all its dimensions is possible with social participation, therefore, this study investigates the social participation and factors affecting it among people in Tehran. The theoretical framework using theorists such as Bourdieu, Coleman, Fukuyama and Putnam, Offe and Foush, Glaeser, Laibson and Sacerdote, Brehm and Rahn are presented. This research method is descriptive and explanatory survey with a researcher-made questionnaire which has face validity and construct validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha over 70 percent) among 400 citizens (18 year olds) selected by a quota sampling method. The results show that there is a significant relationship between age, size of household, years of residence in person, income, knowledge, sense of security, family relations, forcing groups, amount of study, watching television, using the Internet, religion belief and religious commitment and social participation. The results of the factor analysis shows that with 30 items in two dimensions, the assessment of social participation in 7 factors could explain % 61.2 of the variance. Ways to increase social participation are proposed as; trust people together, institutions and government, education practices and outcomes of participation incites, encouraging group activities with advertising through mass media, etc.

Today, the collapse of the boundaries of information, the pace of change and technological advances have had profound effects on the various aspects of life. Along with these changes, the values and functions of the family have also been transformed. Therefore, this research has been conducted with the aim of influencing religious beliefs on family cultural vulnerability in Zanjan. A quantitative research method and a questionnaire tool are used. Using the Cochran sampling formula, 380 individuals are selected as sample. The subjects are selected by stratified sampling and randomly selected in the next step. Findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between different dimensions of religious beliefs such as beliefs, emotions, outcomes and rituals with different dimensions of family cultural harm, namely family monitoring and control, moral deviations, tendency towards Western culture, use of satellite and family atmosphere of the family. Multivariate regression analysis also show that religious beliefs, emotional dimension, consequential dimension and religious rituals have a significant effect on decreasing family cultural vulnerability. These four variables together are accountable for 42 percent of the variation in family cultural vulnerabilities.

Today, social capital has absorbed the attention of many experts in development studies and in social, economic and political fields. In politics literature the concept of political development is the closest concept to the social capital. Thus in the social capital approach, politics is seen from bottom to top. Trust and solidarity discussion, are the long-standing debate in the political development studies. Cohesion, and solidarity in the trust relationship network, play an important role to determine the identity and legitimacy of a political system. In a society where people have a relations based on trust and solidarity , the possibility of public occurrence participation in decision-making , genesis and consolidation of democracy as the most important characteristic of the greater political development. As social capital can influence the political development, political development develops the country in terms of potential human relationships based on power relations. This potential interaction between communities over power, will be expanded by political development. With the interaction of mentioned potentials the organization are created, which they can create better social capital. Naturally areas of participation and trust between the organizations are provided by the interaction, and as a result, social capital is a necessary condition but not sufficient condition for political development. Be sure to follow the political development of increased social capital but social capital increase does not necessarily follow the political development.

The ritual ‘duty bound’ exists in all religions which is carried out in the ceremonies in a particular manner. This study tries to identify the symbols, the characteristics of the Kushti and the tablecloth of Navjote and the ceremony. The statistical population is the 12 teenagers aged 7 to 15 years old in Markar girl's high school in Yazd. The research method is in-depth anthropological method and interviews with the acknowledged about the faith. Theoretical frameworks include symbolism, Clifford Geertz theory of interpretation and Malinowski's functionalism. The results indicate that rituals and religious beliefs have a profound effect on mental states and by holding ceremonies from predecessors, peace of mind because of religion and socialization would happen. The Navjote ritual is the transition from childhood to adolescence and the action to Zoroastrian belief teaches and shows Nozoot is not alone in the path of right and the Zoroastrians, truth-seekers worldwide are associated with him.

Organizational commitment as an important business attitude over the years has attracted many researchers from different disciplines, especially those dealing with behavioral sciences. Given that human resources within each organization are the most valuable organizational resources, paying particular attention to this important and valuable source and creating effective mechanisms to increase the motivation of the group in the organization, which ultimately leads to commitment and loyalty and the creation of a background. It is necessary to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. It is an important and undeniable task of the managers. Therefore, due to the necessity of training individuals in organizations and one of the ways of maintaining organization in today's competitive environment, maintaining efficient and capable forces. The present study investigates the factors that affect organizational commitment among staff of Islamic Azad University Hormozgan. In this research, after determining the reliability and validity of the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (Allen & Mir), 320 employees of the Hormozgan Free University Graduate School were selected by random sampling as a sample and after Data analysis show that income, gender and educational level have a significant relationship with organizational commitment, while marital status and age variables have no significant relationship with organizational commitment and there is a significant relationship between the two variables and organizational commitment.

Given the ever increasing significance of education in obtaining social positions of importance in recent society and also with regard to the fact that social and economic inequalities condition people’s access to education, this article studies the relationship of selected family variables on children's educational achievements. Family variables that are considered in this study are the following: Parent's relationships with children, parental involvement with children's school work, and parent's expectations with regard to children's academic activities. The research method that was utilized is survey and the technique of data collection was questionnaire. Research population consisted of all first-year intermediary students of the six regions of the city of Isfahan, of which, using Cochran's formula and a random stratified sampling technique 410 students were selected. Research findings showed that Parental involvement, parental expectations regarding students’ academic achievement and family economic status were significantly related to educational outcome.

The expansion of the second homes, in addition to job creation, income generation, and cultural upgrading, will strengthen the social ties of individuals and communities. Today, rural tourism plays an important role in creating employment and economic activity of the villagers, so that there has been a great tendency in the world to invest in this industry and the desire to diversify rural activities through tourism is increasing. In this research, the effects of development and development of tourism in the Lavasanat area, with emphasis on second homes, capabilities and constraints, and the provision of strategies and strategies for tourism development and development are investigated. Therefore, the present study is a descriptive-analytical method based on its purpose. The data required for research is obtained through documentary (library) and field studies. Analyzing the data and its results, while emphasizing the role of tourism on rural development, indicates the threshold of vulnerability of rural areas due to the high number of tourists in these areas, and this necessitates a review and presentation of appropriate policies with the characteristics of the region. In order to eliminate the limitations and proper use of the existing comparative advantages.