فصلنامه جغرافیا (برنامه ریزی منطقه ای)
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 29، زمستان 1396)

It has been a little over a decade since what we know today as social media. Since media are to some extent outside the purview of state supervision, the concept of national sovereignty has undergone change and development. Nation states that not long age regulate the geopolitical relations of the world as single actors of international arena have inevitably lost much of their power because of emerging agents having to do with the domain of power outside national constraints and boundaries. The agents that come into existence at various levels or on different scales ranging from personal to global in the form of processes such as regionalism, religious extremism, racism, and son on are said to act on global politics sometimes as organized violence, called terrorism, with geopolitical goals and results. In the meantime, the departure of media from state monopoly along with the emergence of their new generation, known as social media, has managed to lay the foundation by far wider for the arrival of the new actors. The research aims at exploring the position of social media in the emergence of new geopolitical agents with an emphasis on terrorist organizations.

Human resource development plays an important role in eradicating poverty. Half of the world's population lives in rural areas suffering from high levels of poverty, malnutrition and low literacy. Fixing the grievances of this massive population through informed planning and sustainable development. Sustainable rural development is the process of promoting the full enjoyment of rural life through the orientation and encouragement of activities consistent with the capabilities and constraints of the environment (in its general sense). Thus, structural underlays in the four general environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic-political and physical-spatial aspects can lead to the proper functioning of this process. Sustainable rural development, in turn, is realized with the participation of villagers in decision-making, implementation, sharing of benefits and monitoring and evaluation. Hence, cooperatives, through their collaborative spirit, are considered as tools for the development of marginalized communities. Diversity is the basis of stability and as much as a system becomes more diverse, its sustainability and dynamism over time and in different places are maintained against internal and external tensions.Today, the diversification of the rural economy is one of the approaches taken to realize sustainable rural development. A special role of cooperatives as one of the most important sectors of the economy has become more recent and more serious as the Supreme Leader declares. An examination of existing cooperatives suggests that they cannot be efficient and effective with existing structures and, ultimately, have a dynamic and desirable function that ensures its survival and long-term durability. The present study was conducted to investigate and compare the efficiency and effectiveness of fisheries cooperatives in the northern and southern coasts of Qeshm Island. The research method was descriptive and the statistical population included 13 fisheries cooperatives (include active and passive) in Qeshm Island. The statistical data were collected by survey method and by collecting and completing the questionnaire, referring to the documents of the cooperative companies and the Fisheries Department and interviewing members of the cooperatives and fishery experts. Data analysis was performed using Spss and Excel software. According to research results, about 21% of cooperatives were active and the rest were almost inactive. The rate of efficiency, productivity, and investment of the first co-operative fisheries on the South Coast was higher than that of the North Coast co-operatives. Also, the net profits and net profits of the South Coast co-operatives were greater than the co-operatives on the North Coast. In the present study, it was revealed that the structure and functioning of the fishery cooperatives based on Qeshm Island did not comply with the general rules and regulations of cooperatives, which had a negative effect on their efficiency and effectiveness.

The vulnerability of cities in countries with the natural environment of the environmental hazards, risks, to challenge the Shhrshnasy sciences, management, engineering and urban planning has become.

related documents and research suggests that despite the studies and researches, during which about seven decades in the case of historical and urban fabric worn out, the vulnerability of the tissue in front of the 90 s earthquake and Iran in the mid - 70 the importance given to this issue. the role and status in the southern Iranian city of Shiraz, the importance of the study shows thevulnerability of the city. According to studies related to review a detailed plan Shiraz areas two 50percent of the region in the old quarters. So the vulnerability of the three quarters of the earthquake in the region. No alternative for this purpose in the population, use, and physical characteristics of the region and anatomical analysis. In this study, the vulnerability of each of the variables and how the radiation level of the regionalbloc in the function calculated and the situation in the vulnerability of the range, according to the weight of the general - level variables in urban areas and blocks in the region, analysed.

The results of this study showed that about 28% ghani district, about 81 percent of the palace Abasali Belvedere neighborhood. And about 80 percent of the tanning has so much of the damage - and are high and the variable distance applications of open spaces, access to the most vulnerable range, years of construction and building materials, the greatest effect in the vulnerability of the district of the earthquake.

In analyzing and explaining the geopolitical and geostrategic position of Iran in international economics cannot Ignored the role of the coast of the Persian Gulf and the region of Makran both in the Makran region and in the Gulf coast are considered The gateway to the export and import of a huge amount of economic goods and energy products. The main question of this article is that what is the role and effect of the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Makran region in the international economy? And given their strategic impact on Iran how can we design a strategic model for Iran's economic and political development, using the position of the Gulf coast and the Makran region in the international economy? Undoubtedly, the geo-economic position of the Gulf coast and the Makran region relative to Central Asia and the Caucasus region as well as their location in the heart of the Middle East's vast areas of fossil energy as well as a large and abundant population of the surrounding countries of these two regions has forgiven an irreplaceable place for them in the international economy somehow that it’s formed several pressures and suggestions from the world's economic powers to access these two regions. Given this introduction in this article will try using library resources as well as scientific and research articles to be paid To analyze and explain the role and influence of the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Makran region in the international economy. And their strategic impact on Iran and ultimately providing a strategic model for economic and political development given the role of these two regions.

The purpose of this study is to recognize of ecotourism abilities of the Seiyahrud Basin. Factors such as climatic variation, historical, cultural, religious and natural attractions are some of the significant potential in this basin. For this purpose, the GIS software (version 10.4.1) was used to evaluate the parameters such as slope, aspect, elevation, temperature, land use, distance from some of the environmental factors such as the sliding zones, river, protected areas and road and finally digital maps for each of them were prepared. Based on these parameters, the nature tourism activities of the area were also selected and introduced. According to research findings, eco-tourism activities in the basin include nature tourism, wildlife, slopes and mountain climbing and winter sports. In this research AHP and TOPSIS models were used to gain weight indicators and grading the tourism criteria. So, the ecotourism activity ranking matrix was formed. In this matrix, environmental parameters including slope, aspect, elevation, vegetation, temperature and precipitation considered as the indicators and ecotourism activities were considered as the criteria. Based on the results of TOPSIS model, scores of nature and mountain climbing (0.54 and 0.50 respectively) and thereafter, scores of climbing the slopes, wild life and winter sports (0.47, 0.45 and 0.43 respectively) had more important role between the other types of tourism activities.

Despite the importance of preparing a proper and friendly environment for children growth, few researches in this field investigate children’s environmental preference on the basis of their culture and their mental structure. The article tries to investigate children’s environmental preference via surveying different outer spaces and in accordance with requirements of child friendly cities convention. Literature review show that most practical experiences in this filed concentrate on desirability of place on the basis of parental viewpoints and because of different challenges including problematic obtaining rigid and trustable viewpoints form children, few research has investigated children’s environmental preference. Qualitative research method is chosen and interviews and observations are concentrated on different aspect of environment features including meaningful and instructive environment; territory; hidden places; and finally freedom of speech. For understanding children reaction and their satisfaction rate in different environments, these environments are classified in a way that they can easily distinguish these spaces. These classification include local designed open spaces, local organic open spaces, streets, designed open space in district scale, historic buildings and monuments, neighborhood unit, block scale, and private spaces. Children viewpoints about these different outer spaces are gathered and analyzed. Results show the distinct difference between children’s environmental preference in comparison with standard design criteria and also distinct difference between their preferences according to the spirit of urban life in Tehran. Finally, the article tries to formulate improvement policies for child friendly urban spaces on the basis of livability, flexibility, reminiscence, safety and at last children’s preference.

Although national plans and laws refer to villages and agriculture as a valuable economic resource, the negative effects of rural economic weakness are still observed. Since Iran has a special climate and has potential Abundant in terms of diverse topography and vegetation. Today, beekeeping in the countryside is one of the most fascinating and easy-to-follow professions in agricultural and livestock production and food for humans. In this research, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of marriage on economic development of villages in the city of Naha. To do this, we first used the library and field method (through a questionnaire) to collect data. The questionnaire was distributed among the sample population. After analyzing the data, SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Friedman's analysis of variance showed significant differences between different axes (0.001). The highest ranking is beekeeping as a job. After that, the second job was either on the margin. The results of t test showed significant difference (p

Urban furniture is considered one of the most important and essential equipment for a favorable metropolis which in general effect on the movement, stagnation, recreation and anxiety of citizens and the dynamics of urban economics. Tourism are one of the most important aspects of every city's economy. The main purpose of this article is analysis of the relationship between urban and tourism furniture. The main question of this article is that designing and redevelopment of urban furniture what impact does have on urban tourism and in general on urban economics, especially in the city of Astara? The findings of this article show that favorable urban furniture design through the beautification of urban pollution and the reduction of unexpected and unpleasant incidents and the well-being of tourists creates charm and appearances of a good mental image for tourists and the urban economy is also dynamic by helping to attract tourists. Given this introduction this article will try using library resources and scientific and research articles to be paid to analyze and explain the design and redesign of urban furniture design in the direction of urban beautification in different dimensions, with emphasis on tourism development and economic dynamics in Astara.

Aquifer of Saravan is considered part of the drainage basin of Mashkid river. Aquatic potential in different regions of Saravan Basin is different due to the diversity of formations and geological structures and other climatic and environmental factors. In this article, the relationship between qualitative and quantitative characteristics of water and the geological features of the region with regards to petrology and structures has been considered. Thereby, field study, reconnaissance, and the dispersion of geological formations of the determined region of Saravan was done using geological maps. Afterwards, 29 water resources including wells and qanats were selected for sampling and based on the analysis of the results of water samples, the dispersion maps and EC, TDS density of chlorine, sulphate, calcium, magnesium etc. were illustrated. Interpretation of the illustrated maps showed that the northwest of plain of Saravan from Allahabad toward the center of the plain and the western part of the Saravan-Khash road after ChahKhodabakhsh depicted low quality due to influencing factors on geological formations of low water quality and also in suburban areas of Saravan from Hoshak to Porrehkant apart from the effect of geological factors due to population density and the existence of urban sewage systems and at the end of the plain in Dehak area there is low water quality due to the location of underground water evacuation and the accumulation of the silts resulting from the flow of underground water. The best quality is reported to be of the water resources present in Chah Gomban in the south west and Chah Dashto and the Qanat of Gosh in the north of the plain and the surroundings of the granite formations of Koohsefid area in Gosht. It should be noted that the pollution hazard threatens all the water resources in the plain of Saravan.

Entrepreneurship is one of the most urgent needs of today's communities, whether rural or urban. Environmental, demographic, economic, climatic and spatial constraints are among the reasons for the need to focus on entrepreneurship. This issue becomes more and more necessary in rural communities. The main objective of this paper is to analyze and explain the challenges and perspectives of the role of entrepreneurship in rural development in Iran, with emphasis on villages in Baghereshahr district. The main question of this article is that Generally what role does entrepreneurship play in rural development in Iran, especially villages in Baghereshahr? Furthermore to answer this main question It is planned Additional sub-questions in this article including what is the history of rural entrepreneurship in the villages of Iran? And what are the ideas about rural development with an emphasis on the role of entrepreneurship? The results of this article indicate that Rural entrepreneurship is a complex and delicate phenomenon that is need Financial resources, environmental potential, desirable infrastructure facilities, expertise and training, sustainability and environmental sustainability and all this requires innovation and creativity. The results of this article indicate that challenges such as migration and environmental degradation as well as the drought and inefficiency of the agricultural sector, as well as the pressures of population growth and, on the other hand, a relative increase in the level of education of rural residents has turned entrepreneurship is a fundamental variable in rural development in Iran. This article, in terms of the nature of the method, is descriptive to examine the relationship between different factors and entrepreneurship is Correlation type And in terms of the purpose of being enforceable is Applicable. The time frame of the study is cross-sectional or cross-sectional which only took place once in a few months. The statistical population of this research includes all entrepreneurs in the villages of Baghereshahr.

The tourism activity today as one of the most important and dynamic in the world is the ether of this activity. Hence these countries have been able important issues such as the exchange earnings and employment growth and cultural exchange and interaction and the creation of the consumer market manufacturing and services, and leisure time and the dot-consciously and actively in the field of communications and information of the world towards progress and development for the people that bring their country. In this regard, the rural tourism of the details of a great industry of the tourism is considered to be a major role in strengthening and diversifying the local economic growth, Increase and improve environmental quality, social and cultural indicators of the facade of the Fa One of his areas suitable for tourism in the villages of the top ten, his or her against the King and the political divisions as Shirkooh a village in the Central District, the city of Tafts. This research for the role and relative standing policy of rural development indicators is the dehbala. From In terms of Methodology Research To the face hybrid The result Methods Qualitative And A little Well. From Opinion Target Practical And From Opinion The way Performance Inferential (Questionnaires, interview And View) and From Opinion analyze Results To the face Descriptive And Analytical LT is The way Parsing And Analysis Research Statistical methods by software (SPSS) Is Data analyzed by chi-square tests and t tests were performed single sample. The population of this study, the AH leaves the grate Groups (Supervisors, managers and tourists) Are. The first hypothesis suggests that the question of the three groups, two groups of significant economic policy in rural development and tourism development of the collection have been acknowledged. The second hypothesis suggests that questioned three groups, each group on social policy and cultural significance of rural development and tourism development have confirmed the third hypothesis is also significant that while policy environmental investment in the development of rural dehbala of all three groups view, implies.

A large part of hypaethral sports complexes in Tehran have been located in the Shemiranat area which is in different seasons are attracts a large number of athletes. That's while air Pollution in Tehran city in this area compared to other parts of the city especially for pollutants of ozone and nitrogen dioxide is worse situation. The purpose of this paper is spatial assessment and environmental sustainability assessment of Shemiranat sports complexes in Tehran considering the pollution of the air in Tehran. The main question of this article is that to locate and measure the environmental sustainability of Shemiranat sports complexes how much attention has been paid to the zoning of air pollution in Tehran? The results of this paper show the air quality of the Shemiranate area compared to other parts of Tehran in terms of contamination is worse and this is while in the study area, are located a large part of outdoor sports complexes. To do this research Pollution sensing stations data interpolated around the region to Kriging method for a period of 5 years. The air quality index (AQI) was used as the standard for data alignment. Layering was done by using ArcGIS 9.2 software.

Global solar radiation is considered one of the most important clusters in the world. Today, the use of solar energy as a new energy is one of the fundamental tools for optimal exploitation of global climate-related climatic capabilities. This study aims to calibrate and validate the existing model In order to estimate the amount of radiation of the global sun and the mapping of its zoning maps, it is in the province of Mazandaran. The study used in this study was a field-library. In this research, data from 5 stations of synoptic meteorology of Mazandaran province have been reported daily since the beginning of the year 2000 to January 1, 2010 was used In this study, Angstrom and Prescott solar models were used to calibrate and validate the data of the weather stations of the province. For this purpose, the most important statistical parameters such as equilibrium error (MBE) and least square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (r) was used to estimate the radiation and evaluate the accuracy of the estimated data. Finally, the solar energy of the study area was used to generate Atlas maps. Several models were used in this way. ArcGIS9.2 was used in this way. The results showed that according to the solar radiation model, Angstrom and Prescott, the highest radiation was observed in the central and eastern regions of the province It is estimated at 220 to 354 watts per square meter.

Geomorphotourism is one of the new items in Earth science and Tourism that based on understanding geomorphosites, developing geomorphological tourism and heritage conservation. This science has responsibly, protective and scientific approach about geological and geomorphological attractive phenomena and lead to develop geotourism for social and economic development of community. Accordingly, this study use Pereira geomorphotourism method to evaluate capabilities of geomorphosites geomorphotourism. Results of Pereira method show, Namakdan cave, Chah Kouh valley and Dulab get first to third rank of this evaluation respectively, thus due to lack of facilities, best geotourism intentions in this geomorphotourism assessment.

Eco-tourism is a branch of tourism in which people who are interested in nature and voyagers are involved in order to enjoy being in nature and seeing its attractions, haunting and observing wild life, and so on. The geographical and area-based investigation of the nature in Iran proved that eco-tourism can be considered as a stable economic income. Bahmaee city located in Kohliloye-and-Boyer-Ahmad Province always suffered from lots of problems due to issues including the poorness of residents. One of the major steps in order to deviate poorness, prepare jobs, and develop the city multi-dimensionally is to apply all available facilities and resources in the city based on a knowledge-based management, the research studies of scholars, and place-based systems in managing tourism. Aiming to identify potential tourism development, this paper investigated the effective factors, in prioritizing potential tourism destinations, including precipitation and weather, topography, land usage, accessibility, distance from gosal and protected areas, lakes, and rivers using analytical-descriptive approach based on the identification, preparation, and prioritization model. Finally, the diagram of output maps was analyzed. The findings revealed that the Sar-e-Asiab-Yousefi and Mambi districts and the Likak and Kafshkonan districts had the highest and the lowest eco-tourism areas, respectively.

National and political divisions considered one of the most important determinants of the country's economic, cultural and social development but despite the importance of this component deciding on how and the way it is most political work and the power of governments and political systems. The purpose of this article is investigating and analyzing the system of divisions in Iran with emphasis on scientific and geographical variables. The main question of this article is that considering the two scientific and geographical variables as criteria for evaluation and effectiveness what is the quality of the system of country divisions in Iran? And how can we use the most scientific and geographic variables to provide a model for the system of country divisions in Iran? It can be said that the system of divisions in IRAN more has Political nature and somewhat demographic and somehow in its historical record or in its future prospects not seen less scientific and geographical variables. Given this introduction this paper will attempt to use library resources and upstream documentation to be paid to analyze and explain the issue of studying and analyzing the system of divisions in Iran with emphasis on scientific and geographical variables.

Purpose of this study was to investigate the role of historical identity of Sistan tourism sites in economic development of Zahak Mountain villages. The research method is descriptive and analytical and based on library studies, documentary and field studies. SPSS software and Expert Choice model were used to analyze the data. The results showed that, firstly, indicators, encouraging entrepreneurial activities in the village with an average of 3.67, the region's ability to invest in tourism using a mean of 56.3, the creation of economic opportunities for the government in the village with the average 3.54, creating employment in different sectors in the village with an average of 3.45, growth of the growth rate of different sectors of the economy in the village and the index of incentives for investing people in the village level with an average of 3.40, creating new grounds for attracting capital In rural areas, with an average of 3.30, employment security in the village with an average of 3.13, has the highest and lowest averages. In all indicators, the obtained averages are higher than the average of 3. The results also show that the location of burned city with the obtained weight was 300/0, half well with weight was obtained 291/0, Khajeh Mountain with weight 149/0, castle Sam with weight of 145 / 0, and finally, the old-fashioned Zahedan with a weight of 0.15, has the highest and lowest weights.

Drought is one of the worrying environmental events that occur, especially in arid and semi-arid country and causes huge economic and environmental damage. Studies indicate that the drought in the eastern regions of Iran has experienced drought in 1375. The purpose of this paper is to examine the drought in the eastern province of Sistan-Baluchestan, Kerman, South Khorasan during the course of 1385 and 1390 census and its impact on displacement and migration in the desired areas. The research method used is a combination of two libraries and secondary data. The study is based on the assumption that climate change, in particular drought and poor areas provided the source population, poverty and economic factors, the stimulus will be dislocation and migration. The results showed a reduction in rainfall from 1375, the poverty rate has increased in the provinces studied. This means that with increasing and decreasing precipitation in poverty, with almost one-year hiatus has reacted to this event. The study of immigration in the city of three provinces found that in the 85-1375 target areas have been sending. Therefore it can be concluded that the drought in eastern Iran because of deep attachment to both land and water, the effects of economic deep left. . Therefore it can be concluded that economic impacts has been drought in eastern Iran because dependence deep to both land and water. Drought and the continuing migration can provide setting the stage for the release of the most haunted areas in the East of the country that this will lead to significant political and security consequences.

Today, location of high-rise buildings is indispensable. After a few decades of high-rise building emergence, new high-rise construction began in large cities such as Tehran. However, due to lack of proper locating for high-rise building, there have always existed problems and inefficiencies. Given the environmental problems and climatic conditions of different regions, considering the issue is of a high importance for urbanism. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effective factors in location of high-rise buildings with emphasis on environmental sustainability in the city of 3rd district of Qazvin.The model used in this research is Fuzzy Topsis. This model was used to evaluate the efficiency of providing optimal strategies in the 3rd district of Qazvin. According to results, environmental sustainability is the main concept when developing plans for establishment of high-rise building units and environmental elements are essential criteria in locating for high-rise buildings. On the other hand, land price, natural and social conditions and use of IT play important role in location of high-rise buildings. Results from FTOPSIS model used in this study show that there is no pattern for location of high-rise buildings in Iran and disorganized criteria provided regardless of urbanism or effective factors lead to environmental degradation. Results also show that economic, environmental and physical factors and land use with 0.695, 0.457 and 0.405 scores are in first to third place indicating their relatively high importance compared with other factors.

Attractions and tourism capabilities, especially the attractions of the natural and ecotouristic environment, are considered to be the unique assets of each country and region, whose identification, classification and planning for tourism development and, ultimately, the development of an important region High.In this research, using scientific methods and AHP, SWOT models and SPSS software to identify and prioritize potential environmental in yasuj city have been investigated. Results of the study show that yasuj city can host a large number of domestic and foreign tourists annually. This leads to increased employment and income in the region and ultimately the development of tourism. According to the results, there is a beautiful and unique landscape of natural parks and forests in rural areas and along rivers such as yasuj forest Park and etc. as strengths for tourism development planning in yasuj city, has allocated as first rank. Inappropriate and inadequate health facilities as well as weaknesses, the most important factor was considered. The experts, were considered environmental degradation as the most important threatens factor in the planning of tourism in the region. Increased of government investment in the tourism sector to plan the development of tourism yasuj city, is allocated first rank as the opportunity. The AHP method results showed that distance of way benchmark is a priority and elevation benchmark is the end of priority in tourism planning.

It has been a little over a decade since what we know today as social media. Since media are to some extent outside the purview of state supervision, the concept of national sovereignty has undergone change and development. Nation states that not long age regulate the geopolitical relations of the world as single actors of international arena have inevitably lost much of their power because of emerging agents having to do with the domain of power outside national constraints and boundaries. The agents that come into existence at various levels or on different scales ranging from personal to global in the form of processes such as regionalism, religious extremism, racism, and son on are said to act on global politics sometimes as organized violence, called terrorism, with geopolitical goals and results. In the meantime, the departure of media from state monopoly along with the emergence of their new generation, known as social media, has managed to lay the foundation by far wider for the arrival of the new actors. The research aims at exploring the position of social media in the emergence of new geopolitical agents with an emphasis on terrorist organizations.

The present study seeks to explore the role of modern information and communication technologies (ICT) in the development of tourism in religious places in Iran. Different approaches and models are from the views of citizens of Tehran introduced and then these views are used. This research is applicable in terms of purpose, in terms of data type is quantitative and in terms of data collection uses descriptive and correlation method. The statistical population of the present study is Tehran citizens. A simple random sampling method is used. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire are also assessed and validated using the experts' viewpoints and Cronbach's alpha test. In the next step, based on the conceptual model of the research, the research questions and hypotheses are questioned by a researcher-made questionnaire on items in the statistical sample of the research. In the descriptive section, descriptive data in two parts of the underlying variables and main variables are presented using absolute frequency, relative frequency, mean, standard deviation and variance in tables. In the inferential statistic