مجله بلور شناسی و کانی شناسی ایران
سال بیست و ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 72، تابستان 1397)

Recently Gonabad, south of Khorasan Razavi Province, in eastern Iran is affected by dust storm phenomena. To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of dust particles and their role in environmental pollution, 9 samples were collected for XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX micro analysis. XRD analysis showed that most of mineralogical composition comprise tectosilicates (quartz and alkali feldspar), carbonates (calcite) and clay minerals. XRF results show that the composition of major oxides at these dust particles is similar to other dust particles in the world. Enrichment factor for measured elements show that Co, Cu, Ba ¡ V with EF10 are anthropogenic. SEM analysis shows that spherical, irregular and prismatic forms are the most important constituent shapes of the dust particles of Gonabad.

Khoy ophiolitic complex in northwest of Iran have several chromitite bodies with various textures, different geochemical features and associated minerals. Based on Cr#, Khoy chromitites are divided into two groups: high-Cr (Cr# > 0.6) and high-Al (Cr#

Rare earth and trace element concentrations of mineral assemblages including amphibole, plagioclase, epidote group minerals (zoisite and clinozoisite) and relict clinopyroxenes from parental rock of epidote amphibolite from north of Urumia were obtained in situ by LA-ICP-MS analysis. The obtained data were used to study distribution of trace elements among metamorphic phases and relict clinopyroxenes from parental rock. In the studied rocks, compatible elements (Sc, V, Ni and Cr), HSFE (Ti, Ta, Hf and Nb) and MREE were concentrated in amphibole, LREE and LILE were collected into plagioclase and epidote group minerals were gathered HREE accompanied with Eu. The observed REE trends in epidote group minerals in north of the Urmia epidote- amphibolites are unlike to common reported trends for this mineral group in the other parts of the world. Rare earth element geochemistry of the epidote group minerals from the north of Urmia indicates enrichment of HREE and MREE relative to LREE. Relative similarities for rare earth and trace element concentrations of amphibole and relict clinopyroxenes from parental rock indicates that the geochemical features of amphibole were inherited probably from primary clinopyroxenes.

Mafic and ultramafic layered rocks located in south of Orzuieh (Baft, Kerman province), consist of plagioclase bearing ultramafic rocks (including olivine, orthopyroxene , clinopyroxene and plagioclase), olivine gabbros (including plagioclase, olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene) and gabbronorites (including plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene and amphibole) and constitute the mafic parts of the Orzuieh colored mélange complex. Mineral chemistry of clinopyroxene show diopside end-member which have Mg# ranging from 0.75 to 0.88. According to geothermobarometric calculations, temperatures change from 783 to 975ºC and pressure conditions vary from 1.4 to 3.6 kbar. Tectono-magmatic considerations show that these clinopyroxenes have been crystallized from tholeiitic to bonintic magmas which have already formed in an arc environment. Therefore, it could be considered that Orzuieh layered ultramafic and mafic rock series are some parts of ophiolitic complexes which occurred in a subduction setting.

The Kermanshah ophiolite Complex is located in the structural – tectonic zone of the western Iran in northern part of Zagros main thrust and is a part of highly dismembered Kermanshah – Panjvin ophiolite belt. The poly metamorphic zone in this region is mainly related to the development and tectonic emplacement of the ophiolite. Some of the metamorphic rocks (Jade and its simulants) have so ​​hardness, density and high specific gravity, containing tremolite, actinolite, plagioclase, clinochlore, grossular and hydrogrossular garnet. Metamorphic rocks containing very condensed and compact tremolite and nephrite found in the area, as well as very compact antigoritic serpentinite so called bowenite, clearly proof that the high-pressure metamorphism took place during subduction. Serpentinites also appear in the region which is characterized by the predominance of antigorite and Cr-magnetite, as well as by their relatively low LOI (10.9-12.1 wt.%), corresponding to medium or high temperature blueschist facies metamorphism. These metamorphic conditions are strongly similar to the high-pressure metamorphic appearing in this serpentinites that formed from serpentinization of highly depleted harzburgitic protoliths where they were subjected to extensive partial melting processes (>15%), consistent with a hydrous subduction-related environment. Gabbros in this ophiolite complex have been altered rodingitization, the altered rodingitized gabbros, in the continuation were underwent a de-rodingitization process too.

Garnet bearing staurolite schists comprise an important part of regional metamorphic succession in the Hamedan area (north of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone). These rocks contain staurolite and garnet porphyroblats that lie in a matrix which is composed of biotite, muscovite and quartz. The staurolites in Fe-rich and show little chemical composition diversities. Almandin is the most important component of the garnets although core to rim Fe and Mg increasing and Mn decreasing are visible indicating that they formed during a progressive metamorphism. The biotites are siderophyllite type. In addition to these minerals, Fe-rich chlorites of ripidolite type are present in margins of some staurolites that were formed by retrogressive metamorphism. Various thermobarometery methods show that top P-T metamorphic condition for the garnet saturolite schists of the Hamedan area was 560 oC in average and 3 to 3.5 kb. According to the results, these rocks can be considered as high T- medium to low P Buchan type metamorphic associations.

Eocene volcanic and volcano- sedimentary rocks cover a large area in the Gardaneh Ahovan northeast of Semnan. These rocks comprise mainly of basalt, andesite, trachyandesite, rhyolite and dacite with hyalo porphyry, porphyry and glomeroporphyry textures. The basaltic rocks are composed of plagioclase and clinopyroxene phenocrysts. Sericite, kaolinite, calcite and chlorite also form the secondary minerals in these rocks. The size of the clinopyroxenes of these rocks range from fine to medium and their compositions include iron-magnesium-calcium type and plot in the diopside field. Medium-size clinopyroxenes show reverse zoning and compositional changes so the middle zone (btween core and rim) is depleted in Fe, Al and Ti whereas enriched in the Mg, Ca and Si. The determination diagrams of the magmatic series and tectonic environments, based on the chemical composition of clinopyroxenes, suggest that they are crystallized from alkaline to sub-alkaline magma, contianing 2-5% water and high oxygen fugacity. Thermo-barometery calculations also show that these clinopyroxenes were crystallized in pressures of ~1 kbar and temperatures of 1110-1230 °C.

The studied diabase rocks of the Hormuz Formation have undergone a variety of secondary processes and greenschist facies to amphibolite facies metamorphism. These rocks are metasomatized due to the effect of infiltrating metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration and are metamorphed due to CO2-rich aqueous fluids and rock-fluid interaction. Feldespat, pyroxene, olivine, apatite, rutile, magnetite and pyrite are the primary magmatic minerals present in these rocks and other minerals, are products of the transformation of the primary minerals due to metasomatism and thermal metamorphism. Feldspars are labrador, albite and orthoclase. Labrador and albite were crystalized at tempretures of 1000, >7 kbar and is a magmatic mineral. Clinopyroxens are augite and diopside and were crystalized at 1100 to 1300 and are magmatic minerals. Pyroxenes are subalkaline to alkaline and were formed within plate tholleitic basalt or oceanic floor basalt environment. Plagioclase and pyroxene minerals show oxidation conditions. According to the analyzed zircons from Band-e Moullem (539/4 ± 6/4 Ma) and Champeh (543/5 ± 6/1 Ma) salt dome diabase, these rocks have been crystalized and formed during Early Cambrian time. In addition, most of these zircons have a magmatic origin. This estimated age suggests that the intrusion of these diabase, occurred during and/or after the Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian rifting of the northern part of the Arabian plate and the sedimentation of the Hormuz Formation in the Persian Gulf Basin.

The volcanic rocks of Shah Soltan Ali area are located about 85 km southwest of the Birjand city at the eastern margin of the Lut block. Petrographic studies indicate that volcanic rocks consist of basalt to andesite. The main minerals are plagioclase, pyroxene and hornblende. Biotite and olivine observed rarely. The minor minerals are apatite and zircon. volcanic rocks show weak to strong propylitic alteration. Geochemical studies show that volcanic units are metaluminous, high calc-alkalic to shoshonitic related to subduction zone. They formed in a continental arc tectonic setting. Enrichment in large ion lithophile elements, such as Rb, Sr, K, and Cs, and depletion in high field strength elements, e.g., Nb, Ti, Zr with negative anomaly of Nb indicate magma formed in subduction zone. Based on some ratios, such as Ta/Yb ,Th/Yb ,Ba/La and Th/Nd, magma has originated from metasomatized mantel and slab-drive fluids had played a significant role in the enrichment of Mantle. (La/Yb)N ratio with REE pattern indicate low amount of garnet in source. The magmatic source of volcanic rocks had been generated from 5% to 20% of partial melting of garnet-spinel lherzolite.

There are three serpentine polymorphs (Lizardite, Chrysotile and Antigorite) in the serpentinites of ophiolitic mélange of south Sahneh. Lizardite is observed as flake structure in the matrix of peridotites while antigorite is overgrown on lizardite and chrisotile development is just restricted to the micro fractures as a development is restricted to the micro fractures as golden and transparent string. On the basis of serpentinization grade, peridotitic rocks of this area have been divided into three groups. Peridotites that are relatively serpentinized (extreme 50%), peridotites that have been experienced serpentinization between 50 to 90% and peridotites that entirely serpentinized (more than 90 %). According to the textural evidences and substitutional relations, serpentinization episode has taken place during 6 stages. Serpentinization has begun from ocean floor alteration with lizardite occurrence and has continued in the emplacement stage of ophiolite stack as antigorite crystallization. Based on temporal relations, apparent characteristics and the sort of filling minerals, 4 generations of veins have been recognized in the Sahneh serpentinized peridotites. V1 is the oldest and V4 is the youngest vein generation. The chemical composition of investigated serpentines is plotted in the serpentine particular field, upon the tie line of MgO-SiO2 and between forstrite and enstatite.

The dacitic domes lie in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. They were subjected to deformation resulting from tectonic movements. They are as oriented rocks which show deformation textures such as plagioclase with mechanical twin, biotite fish, and deformed clinopyroxene set in foliated groundmass. Under condition of hydrothermal alteration, biotites altered into chlorite with smectite interlayers and probably leucoxene and titanite intergrowths. The deformation has created micro-fractures and micro-cavities which has provided suitable spaces for fluids movements and hydrothermal alteration. The plagioclases show albitisation and sericitaion alteration (An 5-10) in these rocks.

The Hatamabad prospect area is located in northeast of Qaen, South Khorasan Province and in northeast of Lut block. The geology of area consists of volcanic rocks with basalt- andesite composition and sedimentary sequences (mudstone, limestone, and conglomerate) with Paleocene-Eocene age that monzodioritic dikes were intruded in them. Monzodioritic dikes have high-k calc-alkaline and metaluminous nature and have formed in subduction zones. All units were affected by silicification, carbonate, sericitic, and propylitic alteration zones. Mineralization in this area occurred with NW-SE trending, 70º SW dipping, and ~4 m thickness as vein-veinlet. It is hosted by andesite and conglomerate. Primary minerals are pyrite and chalcopyrite and secondary minerals are malachite, chalcocite, azurite, covellite, hematite, goethite, and bornite that accompanied with carbonate and sericite alteration zones. Results of geochemical exploration show high levels anomalies of Cu (maximum 4.19%) in the vein and content of other elements such as Au, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, and Bi is low. The mineralization form, structural control, type and distribution of alterations and geochemical anomaly indicate the mineralization is epithermal-type. Monzodioritic dikes had no role in the mineralization and intrusions at depth is probably responsible for alteration and mineralization in the Hatamabad area.

Having specific properties, clay minerals including palygorskite have considerable influence on soil physico-chemical characteristics as well as the stage of soil development. The objectives of current study were to determine the distribution, origin and formation conditions of palygorskite in the Tertiary sediments and associated soils in Darab, Fars Province. Based on the field observations and geological maps, six rock and soil samples from different Tertiary epochs were selected. The clay size samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on clay mineralogy of parent materials and soils as well as quantity and morphology of clay minerals, three origins were distinguished for palygorskite including inherited, pedogenic and detrital. Using principal component analysis (PCA), smectite, gypsum, EC, illite, soluble Ca and Mg and soluble Mg/Ca ratio were identified as the most important factors affecting the distribution and genesis of palygorskite in the studied soils which in turn show the pedogenic and in situ formation of palygorskite from soil solution under high evaporation.

The Anarak ophiolite, with E-W trending, located at north of Anarak. In addition to the gabbros in Anarak ophiolite sequence, intrusion of metasomatized gabbros injected into the ophiolite of Anarak in the form of stocks and dykes. metasomatized gabbros are younger than Anarak ophiolite and older than Anarak metamorphic assemblage and contain diopside, augite, actinolitic hornblende, actinolite, tremolite, phlogopite, albite, oligoclase, pycnochlorite, penninite, epidote, garnet, sphene, prehnite, calcite and opaque minerals. Penetration of seawater into the lower crust and upper mantle led to high temperature matasomatism in the gabbros. Positive Pb anomaly and negative Ta,Nb and Ti anomalies in whole rock and minerals chemistry of clinopyroxene and amphibole are markers of volcanic arc tectonic environments and association with subduction zones. Crystallization temperatures of diopside, phlogopite, actinolitic hornblende, actinolite and chlorite are 1150-1200 °C, 750 °C, 600 °C, 450 °C and 360-540 °C respectively.

Quchan- Esfarayen magmatic belt (north of Sabzevar) include Neogene adakitic domes with andesite to rhyolite in composition which is cut by Jurasic sedimentary rocks, Eocene volcano-sedimentary rocks, Miocene sedimentary rocks and even occasionally Peliocene conglomerate. The main minerals of these rocks are plagioclase and amphibole with various textures such as felsitic porphyry, microlitic porphyry, glomero porphyry, sieve and flow textures. The calc-alkaline and metaluminous to peraluminous nature, enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREE) and depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREE) in primitive mantle and chondrite normalized spider diagrams, along with high contents of Na2O, Al2O3, Sr, high ratio of Sr/Y and low ratio of K2O/Na2O and depletion in HFSEs in these rocks are characteristics of the young arc volcanics. Furthermore, these rocks display initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70390 to 0.70562 and εNd(t) values of -0.86 to .98 respectively, which show that they are originated from partial melting of oceanic slab with crustal contamination. Emplacement age of these rocks into the quchan-Esfarayen magmatic belt obtained with U–Pb dating on separated zircons of 17.83±0.24 to 8.50±0.34 Ma. The results show that parental magma of the rocks generated by partial melting of a garnet-amphibolitic to eclogitic subducted Sabzevar Neo-Thethyan oceanic slab underneath the Binaloud continental lithospher. Presence of continental metamorphic and sedimentary xenoliths, corrosion and chemical disequilibrium of the phenocrysts and their sieve textures in plagioclase along with Sr-Nd isotopic ratios in these rocks indicate the operation of differentiation crystallization, assimilation and crustal contamination (AFC) in the genesis and evolution of igneous rocks of this belt.

Mixed-ligand Cu(II) complex was prepared by reaction of salicylaldehyde S-benzylisothiosemicarbazone hydrogenchloride ligand (H2L), Cu(ACo)2.H2O and 1,10-phenanthroline with general formulas [Cu(Phen)2Cl].H2L,Cl,H2O. Its structure was fully characterized by elemental analysis and IR method and single crystal diffraction was also used to better understanding of the molecular structure of the Cu(II) complex. In the Cu(II) complex, coordination geometry around the central atom is a distorted square-pyramidal. Two 1,10-phenanthroline ligands (NN donor) are coordinated to the central metal as a neutral bidentate agent. Another position of the square-pyramidal geometry is occupied by the chlorine atom.

Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) with the hexagonal crystal structure is the only identifiable mineral phase of bone. In this work, magnesium ferrite-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites were synthesized for the purpose of medical applications. The first step of this work is the synthesis of mesoporous hydroxyapatite nanorods via co-precipitation method in combination with micelles template. Non-ionic surfactant Pluronic P123 was used as a micelles template. At the second step, magnesium ferrite-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites were synthesized by the sonochemical method. The crystal structure of nanopowders was determined using X-ray diffraction pattern. Transmission electron microscopy was also applied for the morphology of the samples. From TEM image of the nanocomposite, it was observed that magnesium ferrite nanopaticles have spherical shape with diameter of about 8 nm on the surface of hydroxyapatite nanorods. Hysteresis loops (M-H) of magnesium ferrite nanoparticles and magnesium ferrite-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites were measured at room temperature by a vibrating sample magnetometer. The results revealed the superparamagnetic behavior of the produced nanostructures.

In this work, Fe3 substituted bismuth yttrium iron garnet particles Bi0.5Y2.5-xFe5쓭 (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2) were synthesized by the sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the pure garnet structure for 0.0 and 0.1 samples and formation of YIP and phases in x = 0.2 sample. The results of vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements represent that saturation magnetization increases with increasing Fe3熫抢 concentration. These increases assigned to the effects of the bismuth ions in garnet structure, orientation of substituted Fe3熫抢 magnetic moments and presence of Fe2熫抢 .

Two 10 and 20nm samples of Cu nano-cluster were grown on quartz substrates with a thickness of by electron beam deposition method. Nanolayers of titanium dioxide with a thickness of 300 nm were deposited on these Cu nano-cluster layers. For comparison¡ a layer of titanium dioxide with a thickness of 300 nm was also coated on quartz substrate. All coatings were conducted using electron-beam physical vapor deposition. The effect of Cu nano- cluster thickness on the surface morphology¡ grain size¡ grain boundaries¡ crystalline structure and phases, and optical properties of titanium dioxide layers were studied. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology of prepared layers. Moreover, the crystalline structure of layers and phase transitions on heat treatment were studied using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to analyze of the absorption and transmission spectra of titanium dioxide layers. Presence of Cu nano-cluster layers as sublayer increases surface roughness of the obtained TiO2 layers and facilitates the phase transformation TiO2 from anatase to rutile. Furthermore, presence of Cu nano-cluster sublayer decreases TiO2 band gap energy for visible light absorption.

In this research, the vertical Bridgman method has used to perform the single crystal growth of cesium iodide alkali halide. To this purpose, a vertical cylindrical furnace equipped with electric elements with five different thermal regions has been designed and constructed. The temperature gradient of the furnace can be controlled up to 1000○C with 0.1○C accuracy. Several cesium iodide sample crystals has been grown with this furnace and then the X-ray diffraction characterizations have been undertaken. The photoluminescence spectrum and the hardness properties of the crystals samples have been studied as well as the measurements of etch-pits of single crystals. Since the pure cesium iodide exhibits scintillation properties, the gamma-ray spectroscopy has also been undertaken.