نشریه پرستاری کودکان
سال چهارم شماره 4 (تابستان 1397)

Adolescence is a period of transformation with rapid changes in physiological, cognitive, emotional and behavioral. Successfully completing of this course requires social competence. Aim of this present study was effectiveness of social competence training to increase self-esteem and reduce shyness of students with multiple disabilities of Qaen county.
In this quasi-experimental study with pre-test and control group, the statistical population consisted of all multiple disabilities under the welfare office of county of Qaen. From this statistical population were selected 30 persons by simple random sampling and assigned randomly in two groups of experimental and control. First, both groups completed Felner social competence scale, Shyness Questionnaire and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory.Then experimental group received ten sessions of social competence.The findings analyzed by using T-Test.
Findings of study showed that is a significant difference between experimental and control groups after the implementation of social competence training. So that the self-esteem average in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group and the shyness average of experimental group decreased significantly compared to the control group (P According to the findings, recommended that social competence training by skilled experts as a wonderful application to improve situations of adolescents with disabilities in Care centers of persons with physical movement disabilities.

The capacity for empathy, which generally increases with age and is more developed in girls than in boys, has been associated with psychological adjustment in children. ehildhood maltreatment is a well-known risk factor for poor health, and recent research has suggested that the emotion-focused coping process of forgiveness may help mitigate these effects. The purpose of the current study was to explore the moderating effect of Forgiveness on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and empathy in girls adolescent.
This descriptive correlational study was conducted in 2016. In this study, at first we selected 249 students in khoramabad, Iran. Then the students completed Child Abuse Self Report Scale, and Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS; Thompson et al., 2005), and Basic Empathy Scale. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling.
Results reveal that there is a significant relationship childhood maltreatment and empathy (r = -.70, p Thus, this study provides preliminary support for forgiveness as a moderator of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and empathy in girls adolescent.

The Stresses in the infant's intensive care unit are harmful for premature infants. The present study carried out with the aim of comparing the effect of massage with Field technique on the Cortisol level of urine which is premature infant's stress level.
This clinical trial study was performed on 51 infants in Al-Zahra hospital in Tabriz. The infants were divided to two groups randomly. The first group was the infants who were received massage with Field technique by their mothers for 5 day and three time in a day and 15 minutes each time. The second group was the infants who received normal care. The urine was collected for both groups on first and sixth days and the level of cortisol was measured.
The results showed that there was a significant difference between cortisol level on first and sixth days (P= 0.001), and also there was statically difference between the mean cortisol of massage and control groups (P= 0.001).
Massage of premature infants with field technique is suggested as an evolutionary supportive care and a safe method in the neonatal intensive care unit.

The prevalence of child and adolescent obesity is increasing rapidly worldwide. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of concurrent resistance-endurance trainings on body composition, glucose homeostasis, and blood lipid in obese girls.
In this clinical trial study, 20 schoolgirls volunteers (aged 13 to 15 years old) were randomly divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The concurrent resistance-endurance training was performed for 12 weeks. The resistance trainings were conducted at 50% to 80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), and endurance trainings were performed at 50% to 80% of target heart rate. Blood samples and body composition were measured before and after training. Data were analyzed by paired sample and independent t-test at α ≤ 0.05 significance level.
The results showed that significantly decreased in body mass index (P=0.03), weight, fat percent, subcutaneous fat (P=0.001), hemoglobin A1c (P=0.02), and increase in high-density lipoprotein (P= 0.02), but low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood sugar, and plasma insulin did not change significantly (P> 0.05).
It seems that 12-week concurrent training can desirably improve body composition, hemoglobin A1c, and high-density lipoprotein in obese girls

Behavioral problems have many negative effects on the development of the child. In recent decades, experts have emphasized on the relationships of the child with the main caregiver, because they believe that the main caregiver's characteristics form the basis of the child's emotional, cognitive, and behavioral development. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to predicting the relationship between the mother's nostalgic preparation and behavioral problems of their preschool daughters.
150 mothers with preschool child were selected by random cluster sampling from preschool in Najafabad, Isfahan. They completed the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA; Akshenbach, 1991) and the Nostalgic Preparation Scale (Hawlana and Holak, 2004).
The results showed that relationship between the mathers nostalgic preparation with components of inner children's behavioral problems was -0/27, -0/26, -0/27, -/31 and -0/28. In addition the relationship between the mathers nostalgic preparation with components of outer children's behavioral problems was -0/25, -0/24, -0/26, -0/29 and -0/25. The results of the regression showed that personl nostalgic preparation 26 percent (p˂0/001, β= 2/42), Interpersonal nostalgic preparation 27 percent (p=0/669, β= 0/22), Cultural nostalgic preparation 31 percent (p˂0/001, β= -0/76), virtual nostalgic preparation 28 percent (p=0/146 , β= -0/71)and total score of nostalgic preparation 27 percent (p˂0/001, β= -7/58), were the best anticipant of the inner behavioral problems of the children. also personl nostalgic preparation 24 percent (p˂0/001, β= 4/63), Interpersonal nostalgic preparation 26 percent (p=0/861, β= 0/09), Cultural nostalgic preparation 29 percent (p˂0/001, β= -3/69), virtual nostalgic preparation 25 percent (p=0/02, β= 1/14) and total score of nostalgic preparation 25 percent (p˂0/001, β= 7/24), were the best anticipant of the outer behavioral problems of the children.
Since maternal nostalgia is closely related to the behavioral problems of their children, based on the results of this study, these findings can be used to develop therapeutic and educational interventions. Pre-school children can also benefit from these results in their programs.

In the process of the child’s suffering from learning disability, Caused mental burden in family members specially the mother. According to it, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of group reality therapy on mental burden of the mothers of the children with learning disability in the town of PirBakran in Isfahan.
The research method was semi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design and follow-up stage. The statistical population of the current study included mothers of the children with learning disability in the town of PirBakran in Isfahan in academic year 2015-16. 30 mothers were selected through available non-random sampling method from the statistical population. The experimental group received of group reality therapy during 10-minute sessions a week for a meeting, received 90, While the control group during the study process of the intervention lacked above. The research instrument included mental burden questionnaire (Zarit et.al, 1986).
Findings: The results of data analysis showed that training reality therapy had significant effect on mental burden of the mothers of the children with learning disability at posttest and follow up stages (p According to the results of the present study, reality therapy method can be utilized to decrease mental burden of the mothers of the children with learning disability.

þAnxiety is one of the problems associated with Asperger's children.ý. The psychological burden of having a child with Asperger, also affects their caregivers, ýand life with a sick member creates a bitter experience for other family membersý. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of “Floor time Play on ýAnxiousness ýin children with Asperger disorder ýand burden among ýtheir þmothers”ý
The study was a single-subject of AB experimental designs. The statically population of the study was all 8-11 year old children with asperger ýdisorder and their mothers in Tehran, referring to the center of autism of the Sunrise, ýand 3 children at the age 8 to 11 were chosen. In this study, convenience sampling ýmethod was used. ý. Interventions peformed for 12 treatment sessions (90 minutes, one session per week) ýfor three month, with a follow-up period of one month subsequent to treatment ýterminationý. The research instruments were the High-Functioning ýþAutism Spectrum Screening ýQuestionnaire, Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale and Family burden interview scale. ýchart analysis was used for data analysis of this study and also the effectiveness of ýtherapy was assessed by recovery percent formula andý Reliable change indexþ.þ
The results indicated that children with asperger disorder showed improvement in ýcomparison with baseline. The overall improvement in their anxiety variables was 50/5%, ýand the RCI was higher than 1.96 for all three children. Therefore, floortime play ýtherapy has a clinically and statistically significant effect on the reduction of anxiety in ýchildren with Asperger's disorder. The results of the follow-up test showed that the effects of the intervention were still ýongoing after one month after the last session of the interventionsý. Also the results of the percentage of recovery (24/6%) indicated a decrease in burden, ýbut ýthis value was not clinically meaningful.ý
It seems that floortime play therapy has been effective in reducing the anxiety ýof ýchildren with aspergerous disorder. Therefore, it is recommended that the ýtreatment ýof floortime play therapy as one of the treatment interventions to improve ýanxiety in children ýwith Asperger's disorder And reduce the stresses and mental ýproblems of their mothers ýin centers and clinics of autism. ý

Studies on Iranian adults revealed that their skulls are commonly brachycephalic. The question of current study is that genetic factors have more prominent role for this matter or environmental factors?
All infants who were born during 6 months period (from April 21, 2016) in the Rasht 17th Shahrivar or Alzahra hospitals, included in this descriptive cross sectional study. Cephalic index calculation was done after caliper measurement percentage of maximal head width and maximal head length relation.
There were 162 male (56.4%) and 125 female (43.6%) among a total of 287 infants. Mean of maximal head width and length were 8.461±0.5980 and 10.810±0.6998 cm, respectively. Mean cephalic index was 78.368±5.090, in the mesocephalic range. One hundred fifteen infants (40.1%) have brachycephalic, 103 cases (35.9%) mesocephalic, and 69 infant (24%) dolichocephalic skulls. There was no statistically significant difference among these parameters between boys and girls.
It seems that brachycephaly among adults is because of environmental factors, and genetic factors have minimal or no influence in this matter. Further studies with larger sample size are recommended.

Parents are the earliest and most decisive factor in motor selection of children and their success. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare effectiveness types of parenting styles on motor fundamental skills development and movement motivation of children.
The population of this study included all parents with sons of 4 to 6 years old in khoramabad city that 240 children of them were selected using cluster sampling method. Data collection tools included a Baum rind parenting styles questionnaire, the test of gross motor development –2, and children movement motivation questionnaire. A one-way analysis of Variance test at a significance level of p The results showed that parenting styles had a significant impact on children's development of fundamental motor skills (P Therefore, education styles of parenting for parents are recommended to with awareness and use of proper parenting styles (such as authoritative style) is able to provide the context of promoting fundamental motor skills development and movement motivation in Children.

The birth of a premature baby is a potential stressful event for the mother, and mothers are eager to get information about their baby and their recovery during admission in the neonatal intensive care unit. Nurses should be aware of the effects of social support, and in particular family support on mental health and the confidence of mothers who first delivered a birth. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate "The relationship between social support with self-efficacy and blues maternity among nulliparous mothers with premature infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit".
This is a descriptive correlational research. The research population consisted of primiparous mothers with premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in three educational hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences including Ali Asghar, Rasoul and Akbarabadi hospitals. 202 mothers were selected as sample using convenient sampling method and proportional sampling in each center. After receiving informed consent, the demographic information form was filled by the mother and then the Stein’s maternal sadness questionnaire was filled out for five consecutive days from days Three to seven after delivery and finally, the Tarrkan social protection questionnaire and Barnes self-efficacy questionnaire were completed on seventh day. Finally, the data were analyzed in the SPSS version 21 software.
Findings represent the correlation between social support variables, self-efficacy maternal and sadness. According to the findings of these two tables, the correlation between social support and self-efficacy is positive and significant (p=0.001, r = 0.231). The correlation between self-efficacy and maternal sadness is not significant (p=0.05, r = -0.106). The correlation between social support and maternal sadness is very weak and negative, in other words, with the strengthening of social support, maternal sadness is reduced, but this relationship is not significant (p=0.05, r = -0.043).
The results of the study showed that social support of the family and the health care team improved maternal self-efficacy. Having high self-efficacy for primiparous mothers is very important because mothers will have a higher parental ability at the time of delivery and at an early stage, then they will have the ability to increase parental skills and improve their mental health until the first year after the birth of the baby. Therefore, midwives and nurses who are directly involved with pregnant mothers should identify mothers at risk, mother depression risk factors and maternal sadness and prevent them from being irreparable by strengthening their self-efficacy and making them available for supporting them.