نشریه مهندسی نقشه برداری و اطلاعات مکانی
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 35، شهریور 1397)

Point-of-interest is a feature in a specific location which is somehow important for user. For clear reasons, these features are kinds of point feature in a spatial database. Similarly, line-of-interest is a linear feature that is attractive to the users. The surface feature such as an entertainment area or a specific land use, can be defined as an area-of-interest. The user's requirement and context define point-of-interest in a specific position. Therefore, a point-of-interest of a user could not be considered as a point-of-interest from other users view. Today, the growth of the positioning technologies, communicating networks and mobile devices, led to a great development in the field of geographic information technology. Besides, it offered a variety of location-based services through the mobile devices. One of the important and useful location-based services is finding the point-of-interests and offering them to the users. It is very important so that the users' trip planning is also carried out based on their favorite points. Offering the point-of-interests helps users discover new places, and makes it possible to discover the places without user's request or spending more time. This service can be more useful in areas where are unfamiliar for users. In this study, the concept of interesting features, the points-of-interest applications in the different geographical issues, and extraction methods of interesting feature in the published articles, to introduce research areas and to create more fluid situation for future studies in this field.

Today, maps are commonly used for navigation purposes in driving and bicycling. In such situations, the interaction of a user with the map is impossible or, at least, dangerous. Moreover, individuals who have difficulties with their vision, may not see the icons and signs properly. As conversation is a natural way of interacting among people, audio inputs can reduce the existing complexities within general-purpose geospatial information systems (GIS). Therefore, the development of a user-oriented GIS which is able to interact with visually impaired individuals and drivers is important. In this paper, we first review the existing navigation systems, focusing on their user interface (UI). Then, the prototype of an audio-enabled open-source web-based GIS is presented. The users of this WebGIS can utilize its capabilties only using audio commands, without the need to use their hands. In order to establish a connection with the browser's speech recognition engine, the annyang library has been used. An audio user interface has some advantages over casual interfaces, namely being hands-free, the compatibility with up-to-date web technologies, not requiring additional hardware, and consequently being low-cost. Beside the audio user interface, a graphical user interface (GUI) has also been designed. Hence, the user can interact with both user interfaces simultaneously.

Persian oak (Quercus brantii) defoliation and dieback is becoming a widespread problem in Zagros forests. The people who are living in vicinity are receiving this landscape signal and its terrible consequences.In this situation, therefore,an up-to-date careful watch over tree attitudes has to be a routine practice. Airborne digital imagery and remote sensing methods are the favorite choices to avoid costly, time-consuming and tedious field methods. Moreover, it has already been shown that forest health can easily be detected with appropriate radiometric and high spatial resolution methods. In summer 2014, I used data from ETM+ sensors of LandSat-8 satellite on wilting oak forests in Barz-Showarz aria in Central Zagros. All tree and stand dimentions, from topographic records to defoliation differentiation in every crown direction. There were more defoliated trees on high altitudes, mostly south slope faces, colluvial soils and pure oak forests. Reverse correlation were also detected between tree height, dbh and crown diameter with dieback percentage.

In recent decades, close-range photogrammetry has been successfully used in various fields including industry, cultural heritage, medical, health and civil engineering. This method as a tool for measuring objects in industrial applications, has many advantages such as capability of real-time measurement, ease of observation, the ability to achieve high accuracy and also capability of creating an archiving observations for future processing.

Nowadays analysis of spatial statistics, as a new and efficient tool, has been considered by researchers in various field. Attention to the dependency of variables and their relationship in study area, direct using of space, environment, neighborhood and spatial relationship are the main parameters, which has made the spatial statistics superior to the classical statistics. In this study in addition to introducing the spatial statistics tools in ArcGIS such as Global Moran’s I, Local Moran’s I, General G, G*, Ripley's K-function, Mean Center, Directional Distribution and Geographically Weighted Regression, their application have been investigated in three branch of environmental science: climate changes, environmental pollutants and species distribution. Meanwhile this study was aimed to attract the attention of environmental scientists and other related researcher about the spatial statistics tools.

Measurement is key technologies around for evaluation of extent and changes rate of land cover, information of land cover type (earth surface cover)and human extractives in different section is important basic information for different planning, Evaluation of physical growth at shiraz city during the years of 2009 to 2016 and then its predict to2021 year and also it calculates vegetation in the study area by using of satellite images have been conducted according to the current investigation by the purpose. The researcher should found it as important things. Researcher have used measurement’s data of around and geographical information system, According to the calculate of changing procedures of physical growth. the researcher can conclude that city space is increased in during the years of 2009 of 13160/07 hectare in one period of 7 years to 17350/29 hectare by 2016 years, if this situation will remained, the space city in 2021 year will developed by 19/21 percent growth equal to 20683/58 hectare. assessment of NDVI showed that vegetation cover density in shiraz city has significant decreasing trend. So that good vegetation and very good vegetation totally, resulting from indicator of NDVI have been 6128/37hectar in 2009,whill this amount has reduced to 4282/47in 2016,it means that the vegetation has reduced to 43/10precent in this area. the result of researches show that between 2009-2016 more than 1891hectar of vegetation and gardens wear turned to buildings.

One of the reasons for the angular deviation in the construction of religious organization such as mosques, tombs and graves of Muslims with the precise direction of the qibla at these points can be due to the angle of the magnetic inclination at the time of construction. Particularly, the changes in the angle of the magnetic inclination due to various factors, such as solar magnetic storms and other errors in the compass, can add to this inclination. Because of the invention of the compass about 400 years ago, this device was used to determine the direction of the qibla for each building. Inappropriate use of this device has caused the deviation of the qibla from several degrees to many degrees.
In this paper, a large number of the well-known religious organization was selected. For this selected area first, the azimuth of qibla was calculated by using the geographic position of each point and Ka’aba. Second, then current azimuth was retrieved by using Google Earth software. Finally, the Qibla deviation angle was calculated. Here, the accuracy of Azimuth's estimation along the Qibla direction of each building from the Google Earth software is also considered. For this purpose, the accuracy of the azimuth extraction of each wall is calculated by the length of the building wall. Despite a precision of 2 degrees in a 68-meters distance, but with azimuth extraction repetition, accuracy below the degree (average 0.5 °) can be achieved.
In the following, the magnetic inclination of the Qibla at selected point was calculated by a magnetic model WMM2015 according to the date of its construction, finally, the correlation coefficient between angles of Qibla direct deviation and magnetic inclination were calculated
The World Magnetic Model (WMM) is a joint product of the United States' National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the United Kingdom's Defense Geographic Centre (DGC). The WMM Model is the standard model using for navigation, attitude and heading reference systems using the geomagnetic field. It is also used widely in civilian navigation and heading systems such as determining the magnetic inclination at every point. The model is produced at 5-year intervals, with the current model expiring on December 31, 2019.
Finally, we have categorized the points of different regions and have shown that a large number of points have a correlation of over 60%.These points have been in groups that are closest to the city of Mecca. The longer distance, the less correlation and areas with low correlation, probably it is cause to the lack of using the compass in the ancient times or the effects of other errors that there led to Qibla deviation including being away from the city of Mecca. Therefore, it is possible to link the error of the Qibla deviation of the religious centers to two criteria, distances from the city of Mecca and the oldity of the building such as the impossibility of using the compass and the exact coordinate determination for these points.

The information especially in terms of geospatial point of view has a significant role in realization of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s 20-Year Vision Plan as well as general policies and development plans. On the other hand, based on a new vision, the geospatial information is considered as an infrastructure such as transportation or telecommunication networks. The role of this new infrastructure to realize the development plans and improve the life quality of people caused the plans and policies take the geospatial data into consideration. Approval and notification 6th Iranian five-year development plan comprising some articles related to geospatial data and national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) indicates the serious national intention in order to promote the position of geospatial information and develop its applications in decision making. By assessment the development permanent rules and 6th development plan, this paper tries to show the role and importance of NSDI and geospatial data in carrying out the 6th Iranian five-year development plan. Hopefully this study can move to clarification the position of surveying engineering as well as its employment development in national level.