International Journal of Political Science
Volume:1 Issue: 1, Winter - Spring 2011

Many researchers and authorities in the field of international relations agree on the issue that one of the factors to make relations between and among governments in through traders and exchanging goods among people of different lands, and as human societies develop in different fields, the economic affair and trades of these countries expand and develop, as well.  Thus, they, in turn, have had valuable roles in making peaceful economic relations between states. Although international trade makes interactive motivation among partners, it increases the diversity and increased quality of goods possible, and leads to technological developments and increase in job opportunities in societies, if there is not a suitable planning in the section of trade (i.e., importing exceeds exporting) it can stagnate the industries of a country and cause workers lose their jobs, and endangers the identity and national culture of the country.  That is why international trade and its instinctive identity (nature) is a power to function in both sides of making cooperation and at the same time making disputes between countries (where there is competition and exclusiveness).  Thus, the issue of trading is a one of the key concepts in the world system, and its role in the international trade deserves consideration. Exporting will become meaningful when the necessary grounds are prepared for the trade, i.e. its interaction and good relations with other countries.  Making relations is also justified through presence in the international organizations, and this is actually the first and the most positive step taken for achieving the exporting ideals.

he Caucasus has seen numerous crises since the region gained independence following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Some of these crises have not been resolved yet as evidenced by recent Russia-Georgia conflict. This paper seeks to analyze such crises within the framework of significant geopolitical changes unfolded by the collapse of the Soviet Union. The author argues that in the post-Soviet era, the Russians lost much of their control over the region due to their own domestic problems, but it seems that Moscow is not interested in withdrawing further from the region. The author concludes that under current conditions, it seems that as long as all regional and trans-regional powers fail to consider the interests of other powers or try to pose threats to them, the crises will continue to unfold in the Caucasus, while there is no agreed dispute settlement mechanism in the region as well.

The pattern of governance is a new topic which has found its traces in urban management, and has the features of continuance, decision making, justice, efficiency, effectiveness, clarity, accountability, partnership, and immunity, all of which are interdependent and empowering. According to this pattern, decisions about civil affairs are taken with the cooperation of government, private sectors and civil society. The present study focuses on the dimensions of participation in the good governance, and tries to measure the status of the 6th region of Tehran, in this regard, through a questionnaire.

Iran's relation with one of the largest countries, that is, Russia (The Soviet Union) has under gone many changes. One of the brilliant examples of the changing policies of Russia towards Iran is, no doubt, the years 1941 to 1953. In this period, most of graceful communist parties' rise and fall is making relations between Iran and Russia. Tudeh party, Ferghe Democrate Azerbaijan and Ferghe Democrate Kurdestan are some of the communist movements in Iran which are noticeable and researchable.  However, this essay tries to answer the following questions: 1. was not the Soviet Union policy towards Iran neo-colonialist? 2. To what extent were the relations between Iran and the Soviet Union adjusted in accordance with the communist ideology? 3. were the communist parties of Iran in harmony with the needs of Iranian peasants, workers, or were they the chief protectors of soviet interests? It is remind able that in Iran there have been several powerful levels such as a: Army, b: Majlis, c: Royal Court, d: Political parties, e: People and religious Leaders and f: Foreign Embassies. These levels, sometimes in group of two, Three or more and sometimes in loneliness effected the political Social –Economical, religion, militarily and culturally lives of Iran. In the era of 1949-1953 this is the role of Russian Embassy which brought about many changes.

The both Atlantic side relations from the ancient time had been faced with too much challenge but the continuing of this relation is due to the common political and economical interests. The upper Atlantic and the two organizations (NATO, EU) still exist to gain the essential goals and the political and security connection which are boosting with the economical integration at the same time. But we cannot neglect the disintegration of the two Atlantic sides and the approach of the US and the EU in facing with some serious treats such as terrorism which had created a big gap on the strategic and military designing of two sides. In fact there is another gap in the matter of defending investment which could be managed. The first gap caused the increasing of deference in military capability between the EU and the US in fulfilling the common military operations either in Europe or elsewhere. Although the military cooperation in NATO is very important, The US doesn’t make any contribution with its European allies in NATO to seek the national security strategy. Now concerning the new security challenged in 21 century, the main question is, whether the security and defense relation of two Atlantic side countries is moving towards cooperation or conflict?

Plato in Theory of Philosopher-King believes that all of the members of ideal city-state, whether ruler or citizens, will attain happiness if the philosopher is the ruler. But there are paradoxes in the theory and the bases of the happiness are unstable too. In other words, Plato in his theory presents hierarchical dualities (Intelligible/Visible world, Episteme/ Doxa,True/ Untrue Or Shadow, …) but is not bound to their necessities and tries to justify the (philosophical)theory by myth and allegory. Hence, happiness as an important and basic part of the theory has some problems and basically is not attainable.

In this article, after reviewing the difference between fundamentalist and anti-fundamentalist philosophy, the features of the rationality will be explained from the perspective of five anti-fundamentalist philosophers (Habermas, Richard Rorty, MacIntyre, Michel Foucault and Hayek). The common point stated by all these philosophers is that they all criticize metaphysics and doubt about the basis of fundamentalist narrative on the world that rely on two predicates: first, the world has rational constitution and it is possible to reduce it to precise mathematical relations and second, that basis of the world is reflected totally in the mind of human beings.