International Journal of Medical Reviews
Volume:6 Issue: 3, Summer 2019

Non-invasive diagnostic techniques are essential for the screening of oral cancer to reduce high mortality associated with it. The acknowledgement of various research advancements namely omic research and technological advances in the field of genomes has led to an increased use of saliva collection. Obtaining saliva for diagnosis is simple and non-invasive and is safe for both the health worker and the patient. It also permits easy and cost-effective storage methods. Around 3000 differently expressed proteins and peptides have been identified in various proteomic studies involving saliva, and hence, salivary proteomics is being progressively used for the early diagnosis of numerous diseases such as oral cancer, breast cancer, and several autoimmune disorders, among others. The salivary analysis riding on the recent advancements in technology, can prove to be of much more importance in near future.

Depression is considered as a factor causing significant disability, mortality and healthcare costs and The third leading cause of disability which affects about 840 million people around the world. There are some biological, psychological and environmental theories explaining the pathophysiology of depression, though the main reason is still unknown. Vitamin D as a unique neurosteroid hormone may have an important role in the improvement of depression. Although the relationship between vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms has been explored, the results are inconsistent. Evidences about the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression are in conflict. Many studies indicted that, taking vitamin D supplements can be considered as a useful interventions for depressed patients with vitamins deficiency . The current review study suggests that, higher vitamin D intake may be associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms. Neurons and glia in many parts of the brain such as the cingulate cortex and hippocampus have vitamin D receptors. There are different brain process which vitamin D involved including; Neuroimmunomodulation, regulation of neurotrophic factors, neuroprotection, neuroplasticity and brain development are kinds of brain processes. This fact demonstrates that vitamin D might be associated with depression and its supplementation might play an significant role in depression and its treatment .

Lesion description has a key role in correct diagnosis and timely treatment. The aim of this study was to review of morphological descriptive terms, which are used in oral lesion description.

An electronic search of the literature was conducted in various database including: Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and Scopus databases, for relevant articles using the following keywords: “oral lesion”, “terminology”, “semiology”, ”glossary”, ”morphology”, “primary lesion”, “basic lesion”, “dermatology” ,“oral medicine”, and “stomatology”. About 60 articles were found; out of which, 45 were relevant to our topic of interest. Finally, we included 22 articles that were closely related to the topic of interest. In addition, 4 text books were also used in this study.

After data collection, the following 20 descriptive morphological terms were found. These terms divided into two groups as primary and secondary lesions: (1) Primary lesion: macule, patch, papule, plaque, nodule, tumor, weal (or hive), vesicle, bullae, pustule, abscess, cyst, purpura (petechia & ecchymosis), and hematoma. (2) Secondary lesion: erosion, ulcer, sinus, fistula, and scar.

The correct and updated descriptive terminology should be considered by dentists in oral examination.

Tamoxifen (TAM) is an important drug for treatment of breast cancer. It is most effective against estrogen receptor-positive and negative breast cancer. Protective adjuvant is another applied of TAM for women at risk of development of breast cancer. Anti-cancer activity of TAM can take various pathways of action. Antagonistic with estrogen receptor and oxidation reaction are the most proposed mechanism of action of TAM in cancer cells. Recently, many studies focused on the potential antimicrobial action of TAM. Fungi are demonstrated to affect by TAM through various mechanism of action. Yeasts, especially Candida albicans</em>, are the most common type of fungi used to test the antifungal action of TAM. Inhibitory action on some components of the calcium-calcineurin pathway in fungal cells is most acceptable mechanism of TAM action. TAM can also play a synergistic role to increase the antifungal activity of other standard agents. This review will discuss the most recent information about antifungal action of TAM.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Traditionally, pharmacotherapy of RA involved non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). However, focus now has been diverted to biologic DMARDs. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) plays pleiotropic roles in RA pathogenesis. Hence, anti-TNF biologics offer attractive therapeutic utility. Literature contains numerous studies comparing either the effectiveness or the safety of the three drugs of interest; infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept, in terms of; patient response to treatment in a cohort and in vitro properties of the drugs. Concern at the absence of a review that comprehensively exploits both the effectiveness and safety, this review aims towards not only presenting the observed discrepancies, but also discussing the causes for them and providing experimental results from studies obtained via an extensive literature survey. Critical analysis of the effectiveness and safety profiles of licensed anti-TNF agents; infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept revealed that, a single drug cannot be named as the most efficacious. Nevertheless, anti-TNF therapy associates challenges of systemic toxicity, heterogenous patient response and partial remission. Advancement in research aiming at alleviating the existing drawbacks of anti-TNF therapy is essential.

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder that, occurs in 2% to 5% of pregnancies. During pregnancy, the body’s demand for thyroid hormones increases, which affects the growth of the fetus. In case of inadequate and defective production of thyroid hormones, adverse effects on the development of the fetus will appear. Lack of symptoms of hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes late diagnosis, resulting in a lack of timely treatment and impaired fetal development. The purpose of this review is to investigate the effects of mothers’ hypothyroidism on children.

This systematic review study was performed by searching the Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases for the period between 2018 and 2008 by including the keywords for hypothyroidism, thyroid hormones, growth in the uterus. A number of papers related to the use of the Cochran seven-step model were obtained and analyzed for the final analysis.

Thyroid hormones play a vital role in fetal development for ectopic life, through direct and indirect mechanisms that, act on the development of the fetus. Thyroid hormones help in the synthesis of surfactant and lung evolution, stimulation of secretion of catecholamine, increased beta-adrenergic receptors of the lung and stimulation: the activity of sodium and potassium pumps in the alveolar cell surface, the effect on the transmission of brain neurotransmitters and growth hormone, and nervous function.

Thyroid hormones play a key role in fetal development. Therefore, in women with hypothyroidism, especially when not treated, it affects the development of the fetus and increases the incidence of complications in neonates. So early diagnosis of hypothyroidism and adequate and timely treatment during pregnancy is cornerstone in preventing impaired growth and development of the fetus and the occurrence of defects in childhood.

Medication errors have been one of the oldest and most common errors of nursing profession. Although, most medication errors do not lead to serious harm to patients, some of them could be important and has financial pressure to the healthcare system. This study was conducted to determine contributing factor of medication errors among nurses in Iran.

This was a systematic review study that was conducted through Cochrane seven-stage model. Persian articles databases including Iran Medex, SID, Irandoc, Magiran and Google Scholar were reviewed, using keywords Including medication errors, Iran and nursing. The study was conducted during 2003 to 2016.

At first, 85 studies were reviewed, then 41 of them were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. Finally, 35 papers and 9 abstracts of seminars were analyzed. The results were extracted in three contributing factors including personal factors, organizational factors, and personal and organizational factors.

The results of the present review indicated that, no factors can result in medication error separately. Most medication errors result from multiple and interactive factors. As individual factors are unavoidable in medication errors, it should be emphasized on managing organizational factors and developing teaching programs in order to prevent or reduce medication errors.