نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 10 (بهار 1391)

The present study is an attempt to investigate Persian men-women discourse in cross-gender interactions by focusing on the type, frequency of occurrence and function(s) of discourse markers in oral discourse. The qualitative and quantitative methods are employed to identify DMs and to specify their functions as they occur in Persian language. The particular dialect spoken by people living in Tehran, the capital of Iran, is the focus of investigation. Brinton’s (1996) binary classification is adopted as a theoretical framework in defining the functions Persian DMs have at the interpersonal and textual levels. Altogether 34 types of Persian DMs are identified and their functions are specified in this study among which na/na  baba  (no)  occupies  the  top  rank  in  the  frequency  list.  Another reading  of  the  data  pertains  to  the  number  and  proportion  of  DMs employed by Persian male-female speakers. As it is inferred, the ratio of discourse markers in the women’s discourse is higher than the men’s (138 vs. 116) which accounts for the female speakers’ inclination to employ discourse markers  as  helpful  devices  in  fulfilling their  communicative needs. Although the disharmony is observed in the number of discourse markers  in  two  gender  groups,  the  results  of  the  Chi-square  test (p=0.157>0.5) indicates that it is not statistically significant. In terms of discourse markers usage for the textual/interpersonal purposes, the qualitative and quantitative analyses yield significant gender differences. The results of the Chi-square test shows P=0.02

Searching for harmony, serenity and peace, man is a creature that is always in the process of individuation through the ups and downs of life. Passing through various stages of efforts, there is no doubt that man can reach its optimum. Carl Jung, one of the greatest psychologists of the twentieth century and founder of the "school of analytical psychology," discusses the growth and development of man and believes that man starts revolution toward individuation from his inside. Acquainting and then uniting  with  some  archetypes,  which  among  them  we  can  mention persona, anima, animus and shadow, man finds his way to individuation. These archetypes could be compared with characters in stories of Haft Paykar by Nizami. In Haft Paykar, seven stories are stated from princesses that Bahram placed them in seven domes (Gonbad). Each story has some characters that face with their Shadows and after getting acquainted with their positive or negative anima, they put their Persona away, unite with them and obtain prosperity. This paper studies two stories of seven stories of Haft Paykar using Jung's Psychoanalytic Analysis. The paper tries to shows the way Nizami describes man’s insides depth and how he carefully speaks about man’s latent world. Also, this paper describes the way characters in two stories of Yellow and Black domes follow the orders of Old archetype of wisdom, put way the Persona and attain the aim of individuation.

Manazir al-Insha is a book written in 9th century (A.H.) by Imad al- Din Mahmoud Gawan on letter-writing and composition in order to teach lettering methods with a simple and unambiguous diction. The corrected 308-page copy of this work was published in 2012 by academy of Persian language and literature. An explanation on this book was presented by Nali (a well-known Kurdish poet) which is now preserved in the library of Istanbul University. The features of this manuscript will be covered in this essay including the formal features such as: author, commentator, classification, style, annotation, date of writing and explanation, the beginning and the  end,  and the number of lines and pages. Also, the content features such as topics of rhetoric and letter writing, differences between this manuscript with the published copy of Manazir al-Insha and its writing style will be discussed in this paper. Finally, the names of those poets whose poems were quoted in this book were studied.

Literary elements have its source in imagination of writer and poets and artful using of these elements of eloquence make the writer to be distinguished. This paper aims at studying some indicator of literary manifestation in prose of Sheikh Ahmad Jaam . His prose at first indicates his power in influence in deployment of technical and creative prose that is also is with – protect from firmness of simple prose- at beginning of sixth century of Hegriy. Second, his prose is a sign for the art of sheikh in using of literary manifestation. The art arises from his individual literary talent and imaginative faculty. Ahmad Jaam not only uses literary manifestation and skillfully makes delicate and elegant literary works, but also  uses  his  special  method  to  be  more  concise  and  effective.  This method  which  is  rare  and  innovative  consists of  a  lot  of  elements  of eloquence such as: comparison, repetition, metaphor, proverb, allusion and etc.  Also,  his  employed  method  indicates  his  influence  on  Persian language and literature.

This paper is a survey on nostalgia (sorrowful longing because of wondering) in Manouchehr Atashi's poem relying on one of the nostalgic elements (being away from the beloved). Defining and expressing roots of nostalgia in romantic school, its relationship deals with nostalgia and memories of the elements of being away from the beloved in Atashi’s poetry. Being away from the beloved, Atashi suffers from sadness and nostalgia and renders more royal beloved lost love and is relatively writing romantic poetry. In this context, sometime he remembers his first love, and sometime he talks to her real beloved. Constantly, leaving serious impacts on his poem, he remembers his past memories and designates them in the lines of his poems. Atashi was deeply in love during his life, so his poetry being affected by his memories is quite romantic and nostalgic.

Zikr  is  the  departure  from  the  field  of  ignorance  to  the  field  of perception, which springs from either the dominance of fear or the excess of love. The truth about Zikr is that you must forget all things except Mazkor (the one who you say prayer recitation for) and our intention of Zikr is the mental Zikr not the verbal one. The invocation of God is forgetting our humble beings through remembering the Almighty names that  its  continuance  results  in  purifying  the  heart  and  forgetting  God makes the heart strained. In this research, first, the author has included the definitions and kinds of Zikr and the feedback of famous mystics and great philosophers’ viewpoints in this area and then he has included the importance of Zikr in Ghaderiyeh’s doctrine and its customs and common Zikrs  in  this  doctrine.  Moreover,  the  author  has  finally  attempted  to analyze and deduce the above-mentioned matters.

Baized  Bastami  has  always  been  considered  as  one of  the loftiest summits of mysticism theophany. The belief in oneness and uniqueness of God is the basis of his mysticism school and love has a special place in his mysticism. To reach maturity in love, he empties himself of his very sense of self and approaches The Beloved. Later on this mystic love dooms him to  annihilation.  In  a  way  that  from  the  lover  nothing  remains  and everything is The Beloved. This is the reason behind “Sobhani ma aazama shaani”. It can be said that Bayazid’s mystic conduct revolves around theology. This route takes him to God through the vehicle of endearment and attachment. His view of mystic conduct, especially about theology and understanding is particularly surprising. He sees nothing, wants nothing and seeks nothing except for God in this world, as well as the next. To him the  whole  universe  means  God.  The  present  paper  studies  the  mystic school of  Bayazid  Bastami and  tries  to show his special place in Islamic mysticism.

Psychoanalytic   theory refers   to   the   definition   and   dynamics   of personality development which underlie and guide psychoanalytic in the field of literary criticism. First laid out by Sigmund Freud, this approach has used literary works as good examples of explaining psychological teachings. Freud declared literary text as the symptom of writer’s disorder providing the ability of psychoanalytical review. Freud’s views were so influential that some of literary schools of that time, including surrealism, increasingly considered themselves debtors of psychoanalytical thoughts, in artistic approach. Bahram Sadeghi’s story titled Malakut is a surrealistic and psychological story analyzed on the basis of psychology of characters. Two of the strong elements of the story are the concepts of death and thinking.  The  concept  of  death  which  is  considered  as  an  opponent element with eternity gives a meaning to the  actions and behavior of characters. This paper reviews the history of classic psychology and its connection with literature, generalities and definitions through the looking glass of Freud’s psychoanalyst views, summery of the story and analysis of characters as potential selves of the author himself.