مجله تحقیقات سلامت در جامعه
سال ششم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

Cockroaches, are one of the most important health problems due to the transmission of human pathogens and the development of allergic reactions The aim of this study was to determine the species composition, prevalence of cockroach and the most infested areas in Ahvaz city during 2016-2017. 

This cross-sectional study was carried out in 520 residential buildings of Ahvaz city. The sampling tool was a questionnaire and Sticky trap The cockroaches were transferred to medical entomology laboratory for identifying. . 

Four geneous and five species including Periplaneta americana, Supella longipalpa, Blattella germanica, Blatta lateralis and Blatta orientalis were collected. The highest infestation was belonging to B. germanica(25.8%) following by P.american(11%), S.longipalpa(5.6%), B. latrlais(3.3 %) and B.orientalis(2.7%). The prevalence rate of cockroach infestation was 48.5%. Of the infected houses, 69.1% and 38.9% were villa and apartment respectively. Also, 22.2%, 66.7% and 11.1% of the houses had severe, moderate and low infestation with an average of 37.5, 10.3 and 3.4 adults/home respectively. The highest rate of infestation was found in kitchens (30.76%). The highest infestation was found in the Chonibeh and Bahonar areas with 78% and 68% infestation rate. No infestation was recorded from police, Naft and Fulad areas. 

By determining the prevalence rate and infested areas, it is possible to increase the knowledge and awareness of the public about the medical importance, biology, prevent and control of cockroaches in urban and rural areas.

The entry of antibiotic residues into water resources along with domestic sewage, pharmaceutical, hospital, veterinary, agricultural products and fish ponds is important due to their sustainability and non-degradability. More than 80 types of pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites have been found in water resources. Annually, about (100 to 200) thousand tons of antibiotics, which are about 15% of all drugs, are consumed in the world. Concentration of antibiotics in wastewater in the range of 3 /. Up to 200 micrograms per liter and above. Advanced oxidation (AOPs), catalytic, photoelectrocatalyst, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, photon reactions, and photofenton and membrane reactions have been used.

A total of 108 effluent samples were taken at pH 4, 7, and 9 at 10, 30, and 50 minutes at 15, 30, and 50 volts after the electrocoagulation process. Determination of cefazolin by HPLC Knauer device with C18 column equipped with UV with movable strontium phase and HPLC Grade water of Merck company with 30 to 70 ratio, set at pH equal to 8 with triethylamine, flow 0.5. Ml per minute and wavelength 270 nm, TS with 2540 B, pH with Eutech5500 device, COD with, 5220 D Alk with 2320A methods.

The removal efficiency of Alk, TS, COD and CFZ is 69.49%, 67%, 86% and 79.42%, respectively.

Electrocoagulation was used to reduce the pollution load of wastewater containing antibiotic compounds and resistant and emerging organic pollutants before discharging wastewater into the environment in order to purify the pollutant into an environmentally friendly process.

Formaldehyde is used as a disinfectant and preservative for preserving the mummy’s body. The compound is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in the Human Cancer Group. This study aimed to investigate the rate of exposure to formaldehyde vapors in an anatomy hall and its relationship with environmental factors.

This descriptive study was conducted in the spring and summer of 2019 in the anatomy hall of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 3500 was used for sampling and analysis of samples. In total, 36 air samples were collected by an Impinger at a height of 1.5 meter from the surface and analyzed by a spectrophotometer at 580 nm. During sampling, environmental factors affecting air pollutants were recorded.

The results showed that the minimum, mean, and maximum formaldehyde concentrations were 0.0039, 0.229±0.233, and 1.0918, respectively, per million parts of air. The mean concentration of formaldehyde was more than the Recommended Exposure Limit (P=0.001); however, it was less than the Occupational Exposure Limit. There was also a significant difference between the mean concentration at stations near and far from the body (P=0.001). There was no significant relationship between environmental factors (i.e., temperature, humidity, and airflow rate) in the environment and the number of input currents with formaldehyde concentration.

The concentration of formaldehyde vapors in the air of the anatomy hall may exceed certain limits. Moreover, employees, students, and teachers are constantly in contact with high concentrations of formaldehyde. Accordingly, it is more likely to develop complications. Therefore, it is recommended to perform technical, engineering, and management control measures to reduce the concentration of formaldehyde vapors in the air of the anatomy hall.

Oxidative stress from exercise, either injured muscles and reduces performance in athletes, or stimulates the production of cytokines from many cells. body respond to oxidative stress by activating antioxidant defenses and other protective devices to counteract these body pressures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 8  weeks of strenuous endurance training on HO-1 and TNF-α  in gastrocnemius and soleus muscle tissue of male wistar rats.

16 adult male Wistar rats, were randomly divided in 2 groups (control and endurance training). The strenuous endurance training protocol included running on the treadmill for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week). Standard meal and water were freely provided for the subjects. 24 hours after the last session of training and 4 hours of overnight fasting,  tissue samples were collected and HO-1 and TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA method. Independent t-test was used for data analysis.

The results showed that 8 weeks of strenuous endurance training did not have a significant effect on the amount of HO-1 enzyme in gastrocnemius and soleus muscle (P˃0/05). Also, 8 weeks of strenuous endurance training had no significant effect on TNF-α in soleus and gastrocnemius muscle (P˃0/05).
Discussion and

Due to the lack of effect of exercise on the levels of HO-1 and TNF-α, it can be said with caution that regular exercise has created a useful adaptation.

Noise is one of the most harmful physical issues in the workplace that may turn into a stressor. Transit bus drivers are exposed to noise caused by the environment as well as buses that can result in stress among bus drivers. Thus, this study was conducted in order to determine the effect of noise exposure on occupational stress of Bojnourd’s transit bus drivers in 2018.

This descriptive study is conducted by cross-sectional method. In this study, 110 bus drivers of Bojnord city were surveyed. The job stress questionnaire of Philip L. Rice (1992) was used to evaluate occupational health along with a sound level meter (971-SVANTEK) to measure the amount of exposure to noise. Finally, SPSS.20 software and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and correlation tests were used for data analysis.

Findings on occupational stress indicated that the stress was high in 102 cases (92.7%); there was moderate stress in 4 cases and low stress in 4 cases. Sound measurement results demonstrated that the exposure level was standard in all cases. The equivalent continuous sound pressure level (LAeq) was 75.43 dB with a standard deviation of 2.74. There was no significant relationship between equivalent continuous sound pressure level and the stress experienced by the drivers. However, there was a significant relationship between equivalent continuous sound pressure level and occupational interest subtest (p<0.01).

Occupational stress was high in Bojnord city’s transit bus drivers and noise exposure was lower than the threshold. Since statistical analysis did not show a significant relationship between occupational stress and noise exposure, this finding is considered acceptable given the low noise exposure level among drivers.

Occupational hazards in the workplace cause serious injuries to workers and create many problems for them. The assessment of workers' safety attitudes and implementation of codified safety training can reduce accidents, unsafe practices, human errors, and costs. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the correlation between the demographic characteristics of individuals and the safety attitude towards work in the workers of a dairy company.

This descriptive study was conducted on all 168 employees working in a dairy company's production line. The data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire, and the obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21).

As evidenced by the obtained results, most workers had a positive attitude toward safety (6.7±80.18). There was a significant relationship between the number of occupational accidents and the level of workers' safety attitude (P=0.01). Moreover, the results pointed to the significant relationship between the number of occupational accidents and the work experience of workers (P=0.004) and the number of occupational accidents and job satisfaction (P=0.044).

The assessment of safety attitudes and its dimensions can be of great help to identify those areas of training that require more attention and better design. Prioritizing safety and improving workers' safety attitudes can reduce occupational accidents in the industry.

Colorectal cancer ranks third most common cancer in Iranian men and fourth in women. Evidence suggests that awareness and beliefs about risk factors for disease are significantly associated with screening behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate the behavior of colorectal cancer prevention based on the health belief model.

The present descriptive cross-sectional study on 382 people in rural and urban in Behshahar city in 2019-2020. Participants recruited by the random cluster sampling. Data was collected by Standard Champion Questionnaire consisting of 36 phrases and 6 dimensions including perceived sensitivity, perceived intensity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, awareness, and self-efficacy.  Frequency, mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient and regression coefficient were estimated by using SPSS17 software.

More than half of the research population (65.8%) did not inform about the implementation of the program. Only 2.6% of people was participated at the program. Perceived intensity with regression coefficient 0.422 was the most predictive and the self-efficacy with the lowest value (b=0.226) was effective in predicting preventive behavior.

Awareness seems to be an effective factor in the practice of screening for colorectal cancer. Interventions at various levels are necessary to increase public awareness and access to prevention letters. It is recommend to use theories and models of health promotion to promote health behaviors in society.

a new species of the new beta-cronavirus family has recently been found in wuhan china (nCoV-2019). The virus can cause a variety of serious respiratory illnesses such as: acute respiratory syndrome becomes severe. Therefore, due to the relationship between nutrition, immune and respiratory systems. This review study was designed with the aim of nutritional care in the prevention and treatment of Covid-19.

The study was conducted as a review by search in Pubmed databases, Google scholar was used with the keywords: Crona Virus Nutrition, supplement and influenza.  In this way, Persian and English articles were collected and reviewed until 2020.

According to the available evidence, the main method of transmission of this virus is through person-to-person transmission. Therefore, frequent hand washing, maintaining social distance and observing personal hygiene play an important role in preventing the disease. Due to the role of nutrition in the prevention of infections and the relationship between vitamin deficiency and salts in the exacerbation of respiratory diseases, it is recommended for all patients to consume a variety of fruits and vegetables. Use lukewarm liquids to dilute respiratory secretions and have a varied balanced diet. It is important to include all major food groups in these patients. supplements are recommended for people with nutritional deficiencies. But for all patients, there are contradictory findings.

To improve the immune system, it is recommended that protein foods be cooked thoroughly and avoid unpackaged foods. When it comes to eating fruits and vegetables, it's best to use fruits and vegetables that can be peeled. due to the relationship between malnutrition and the spread of infectious diseases, it is recommended to get enough macronutrients, proteins, useful fats, omega-3 sources and consumption of fruits and vegetables, which are the main sources of vitamins.