Annals of Applied Sport Science
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Autumn 2016

The exercise intensity, at which the maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rate occurs, has been defined as Fatmax. It has been suggested that the fat oxidation rate during the Fatmax intensity is approximately 2-fold greater than at any other intensity although modifiable by several physiological conditions (training, previous exercise or meal). There are a few standardized protocols for estimating of Fatmax. The most common tests include: Cycle Ergometer (CE) and Treadmill (TM). Reviewing of tables of the study appoint that the extent of weight or fat loss in response to exercise training varies among individuals.

People with disability face many constraints that affect their participation in leisure and sports, which can be seen in the gaps in the scientific literature. This study aims to document the specific issues in the leisure and sports participation of people with disability in rural areas. Qualitative research has documented the rurality-related items. Overall, stakeholders (n = 35) working with people with disability in rural areas were met in focus groups (n = 4). Strengths and difficulties have emerged from these testimonials. Being near the community facilitates awareness towards people with disability. However, one of the difficulties refers to the limited number of people with disability in the communities which obstructs the deployment of the leisure and sport offer. The second difficulty is the small number of volunteers and the problem of succession. Finally, availability and dilapidated infrastructure affects the participation in sports and recreation by people with disability in rural areas.

One common aspect of all human beings, regardless of education level, income level, location and so on, is that they are all consumers. The key of success in marketing strategy both in terms of local and global aspects is understanding consumer behavior. So aim of this study was to investigate the role of socio-cultural factors on sports consumer behavior. This research was survey- descriptive. The study population were included all sports consumers in Tehran. The sampling method was random. Based on the PASS statistical software, research sample size was determined in the range of 321 to 384 people. Data collection instrument was two questionnaires. The validity was content validity and construct validity. In order to data analyzing was used Path analysis and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results showed that social factors (social class, idea leaders, family and references group) and cultural factors (culture and religion) have a significant positive effect on sports consumer behavior. Also socio-cultural factors prioritize results showed that social class with the relative weight of 0.391 is the most important component. In this study found companies to gain competitive advantage should have be given to customers and meet their needs (better than competitors). In addition, customers buy products with different trends that should be considered in formulating marketing strategies.

The image of a brand is the first word or image that is evoked in the mind of costumers immediately after hearing the brand name. The purpose of paying attention to the brand image is to ensure the proper mentality of consumers toward the brand. The components such as suitability, services, brand, variety, quality, and atmosphere form the brand image. The relationship between the brand image and other fields such as brand trust has been considered by researches and can play an effective role in improving the behavioral tendencies of costumers. This study is aimed to examine the relationship between foreign brand image and brand trust among buyers of foreign sports brands. The statistical population of this study consisted of 279 male and female athletes in city of Qom who were buying foreign sports brands. The data collection tool was brand image questionnaire and brand trust questionnaire with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87 and 0.88, respectively. The results of Pearson’s correlation test showed a significant relationship between image and brand trust (r=0.68). The components of brand image (brand, services, suitability, variety, quality, and atmosphere) with the coefficients of 0.39, 0.53, 0.45, 0.55, 0.51, and 0.54, respectively, had significant correlation with brand trust. The results of simultaneous regression analysis demonstrated that the components of services, variety, quality, and atmosphere could predict the significance of the brand trust among the buyers of foreign sports brands. Based on the results of this study, it seems that the focus on improving the components of services, variety in sale, attention to the quality of products and services, as well as developing a positive atmosphere for customers in providing sale services can have an effective impact on increasing brand trust and improving the behavioral tendencies of costumers.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the sport marketing mix and its seven elements (product, price, promotion, place, public relations, people, and physical evidence) in Iran’s volleyball super league from the viewpoint of ministry of sport and volleyball federation managers in two conditions, namely existing and optimal. For this purpose, 102 subjects, among them the official staffs in the ministry of youth and sport up to general managers and volleyball federation’s officials up to the managers of the sub-divisions, filled in the researchers’ constructed questionnaire with an appropriate validity and internal reliability of 91% (Cronbach alfa). Based on the findings taken from the viewpoints of the staffs in the ministry of youth and sport up to general managers, and volleyball federation’s officials up to the managers of the divisions, CEOs, leaders, coaches and academics, it has been found that in the existing condition, the component of product enjoyed the highest mean. Other components including price, physical evidence, public relations, promotion, and distribution had lower means (in order mentioned). In the optimal condition, the public relations variable had the highest mean, and other components had lower means. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the two existing and mix optimal conditions and their 7 components such that according to the rank means, the existing condition had a lower score compared to the optimal one. This means that in the existing condition, less attention has been paid to the mix elements.

This study, which is a strategic study with a mixed research approach aimed to identify obstacles facing the academies of Iranian Basketball Federation. The population comprises board of directors and committees responsible for Education and Talent Spotting Association, academy administrators, physical education instructors, qualified experts, professors, coaches, referees and heads of delegations who were asked via interviews and questionnaire (exploratory manner) to state internal and external obstacles facing basketball academies in following 8 components in order of importance utilizing the Delphi method management and planning, training, human resources, financial resources, talent spotting, scientific and research and information technology, venues and infrastructures. Items were identified in 34 external and 49 internal factors. For weighting and prioritizing of items, the questionnaire was completed by 27 subjects employing AHP method based on pairwise comparisons. SPSS software version18 was utilized for descriptive statistics while AHP method in Expert Choice software was utilized for inferential statistics. At the end, a total of 11 executive strategies were proposed for removing the obstacles.

With the rise of importance of sport as a social phenomenon in recent decades, more public attention has been paid to the issue of the legal nature of the rules governing social relations in sports. The issue raised above are only a part of a much broader topic that involves questions of relations of a classical Westphalian state and changes in the international community as well as issues of the essence and manifestations of law. The traditional theoretical approach, based on the principles of Westphalian sovereign state and state centralism, does not allow the possibility of existence of sports law because the law does not exist outside of the state. The modern theories of legal pluralism represent a different approach and see one of the most powerful examples of non-state law in sports law. If the concept of the existence of sports law is accepted, it is important to determine its contents. From temporal and quantitative distance, sports organizations are autonomous and main creators of the rules of conduct in sport. However, since the second half of the 20th century the state has had bigger and more important role in the regulation of sport.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of ego depletion on arousal of elite Iranian swimmers. The sample comprised elite swimmers invited to the national swimming team as focused and semi focused (36 subjects). The research design was as pre- and post-test—in two phases of ego depletion conditions and the lack of ego depletion conditions in two experimental and control groups. The arousal was measured by a biofeedback device, and Stroop test was conducted in order to create ego depletion conditions. The results showed that ego depletion had no effect on the arousal of elite swimmers. In other words, the results showed that depletion of strength sources of self-control had no effect on elite swimmers’ arousal. The findings—based on the theory of community facilities and the self-control model—showed that arousal is actually an accelerator and moderator of using self-control sources; it is not a factor using self-control sources and, also, ego depletion is not involved in arousal changes.