نشریه مطالعات مدیریت شهری
پیاپی 1 (بهار 1389)

Collective monitoring is based on acceptance of the citizen's monitoring right on the performance of the government and its dependent organizations that in Quran and traditional has been mentioned in a form of recommending the lawful and forbidding the sinful act's and benevolence for believers. By victory of Islamic republic in the holy system of Islamic republic of Iran, it has been mentioned in eighth principle of the constitutional law that emphasizes on mutual monitoring of people and government to each other's performance it has been done perfectly with a new participatory approach in urban management for necessity of social capitals field and attracting of citizens' public trust and changing the municipality to social organization. So an organization is needed in order to achieve to this social desire and its effectiveness and efficiency. Collective monitoring center of Tehran's municipality (1888) is recommended as a responsible organization and controls’ formal channel and informal monitoring for citizens.

Urban physical development is one of the dimensions of urban development. Regarding the ever-increasing growth of population and increase of immigration to towns, researchers, authorities, managers and other urban bodies have noticed urban physical development more than before. The title of the present research is newly-established towns physical development management pattern with Kouhsar for case study. Until the result of the research can be effective for the urban planning in future. In terms of subject, objectives, research questions and hypotheses, the present research studies Kouhsar physical development pattern; and the research methodology is a combination of descriptive, documentary and field study methods that used from the questionnaire and interview tools as well. The questionnaire used in this research included 20 five-item questions distributed among a sample of 80 persons out. The results of the research show that urban development pattern in Kouhsar are linear. The same pattern can be predicted in the late decade. If construction control is not managed well, it is predicted that a disturbed urban pattern will formed in Kouhsar. Also, it was found that there is no formal pattern for physical development of Kouhsar. Another finding was that comprehensive plan is a must for managing physical development of towns, especially newly-established ones. Therefore, there is a close interrelation between effective management of town physical development and comprehensive plan.

University is considered as one of centers of higher education and of urban handlers. University site selection is a part of comprehensive planning for higher education institutions in order to improve the spatial - location quality, capacity and facilities for the development of universities and to ensure their site selection based on the objectives and priorities.  Accordingly, this study seeks to deal with the importance of spatial development of higher education in the strategic planning of urban management. This research is applied in terms of purpose and it is descriptive in terms of the methodology. The statistical sample of the study included all students studying in public and Islamic Azad universities among whom a number of 500 people were selected as the research sample. 471 questionnaires were returned to the researcher. Two methods of library and field (24 item questionnaire of Likert spectrum) were used to collect data in this study, is used. Based on existing literature study, components of human resources, political- security conditions, cultural conditions, economic conditions, characteristics of ethnicity, urban infrastructure, technological infrastructure and geographical position was examined as the main components identified in this research. The results from the investigation showed in terms of the sample of the study, the component of political - security conditions is the prime priority and components of urban infrastructure, technological infrastructure and human resources are of next priorities in the importance of spatial development of higher education in the strategic planning of urban management.

This research aim to the recognition of chamest's performance and role as a small city on suburban development chamestan has been became as a city in 1371 and in this way the research started by supposing that this city effects on population change and the attraction of market of suburban residences. The current method of research is descriptive- analytic and the results of the consideration show that chamestan does not effect on attraction and marketing of suburban productions, and it is not successful on stability of suburban residences. At the end, some suggestions have been made for desired performance of chamestan in order to suitable development of suburb.

Urban design and planning is now influenced by new approaches and different schools of thought.  The visual image of the city for architects and urban designers is now more important than ever before especially in urban metropolitan centers.  The present study is aimed to investigate the relation between visual image of the city of Tehran and the expected behavior of citizens. The subject group consists of professionals employed in architecture, urban planning, and beautification department of City of Tehran as dispersed in the 22 regional offices.  The sample size was 253 consisting of various age groups and both male and female employee.  The data was gathered through a designed questionnaire, and the descriptive and analytical statistical techniques were used to explore the data.  The results show that the main hypothesis of the research, there is a correlation between the visual image of the city and the expected behavior of citizens.  Also the results show that there are correlations between the visual image of Tehran and vandalism, urban security, citizen's calmness and orientation. Therefore it seems that further attention of authorities and urban planners to the issues of visual image of the city of Tehran would provide further possibilities for satisfaction with and preference of citizens.

The present research’s aim is examining and testing citizens’ electronic readiness in accord with utilizing IT and making use of e-governmental services, e-banking, and e-municipality in the citizens domiciled in Larestan, Grash, Evaz, Khonj, and Beiram. Statistical community of this research includes the citizens older than 17 that contain 8500 people. This research has been chosen based on the formula of the sample bulk haphazardly by making use of the cluster –sampling method. The research questioner includes 30 questions that have been written based on the research questions by the researcher. For narrative testing the questioner has made use of the narrative concerning its content and for accounting validity indices all the measurements in this research have been done by  Kronbakh Alpha method. Analyzing the data in the present research has been conducted in both descriptive and deductive layers of statistics. The data in this research questions indicate that if the government provide the citizens with necessary foundations for rendering the services in IT and internet, the citizens are ready to accept and utilize electronic services presented by the banks, municipalities, and governmental organizations via internet.

According to this issue that our natural resources are going to be finished, attention to sustainability becomes one of the main urban planner's mental disturbances. Urban resources could be divided into three major parts, including environmental, economical, and social resources; on the other hand, there are three aspects of sustainability such as, environmental, economical, and social sustainability. The main reason of this research is to promote environmental sustainability due to survive existent resources and to observe justice in distributing the natural resources between existing and future human being.
   In order to establish a correlation among variables, also study the 22th region of Tehran, the research method is case study correlation. All the executive managers who involve in handling the urban problems of this region are counted in our universe. Also all the information is gathered from related books, articles, and official statistics. In order to observe the assumption, field study methods such as, interview and questionnaires' survey are used.
   After all the questions and assumption are observed, these facts are concluded: land management and its usage is according to sustainable capacity, the authorities stress on waste management and ecology, while they do not mind to water disaster management, usage of new born energies, and also development of transportation infrastructures.

Phenomenon of councils in the religion of Islam is about 1400 years old and its importance is emphasized and clearly declared in holy Quran. One of the important developments in the social-political realm of the country was the formation of city councils in 1998. Today, the local councils are the mechanisms that can create democracy at the local level, providing services and help the increase in social cohesion. Development of councils can cause the expanse of non-governmental organizations, increase in public participation in their own affairs and making the urban management institutions accountable. In this article the concept of the councils is defined initially and this concept is reviewed in the country and then various types of councils are stated. Afterwards, the position of councils in Islam and Legislation is explained and finally the internal and external problems of the councils are pointed and some solutions are offered to help to empower the council assistances.