Chemical Methodologies
Volume:6 Issue: 10, Oct 2022

The interaction between foods additives and drugs can influence the effectiveness of drug therapy, and also on the adverse reactions assessments of numerous drugs. Food colorants dyes are chemical compounds which have been added to various types of foods. In this work, the colorant food dye indigo carmine (IC), as adsorbate, and loratadine drug, as adsorbent, was studied through the adsorption interaction behavior. The adsorption process was carried out at various concentrations of dyes, various dosages of drug, and different temperature (288-318K). The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm were used to explain the equilibrium data, with Freundlich giving the best fit to the data. The adsorption kinetics follows pseudo-second order kinetics and the adsorption process were spontaneous, exothermic, and negative value of entropy demonstrates reductions in the disorder at the solid-solution interface after IC adsorption on loratadine.

The research work exemplifies a sensitive, rapid, and simple procedure for measuring fluconazole using turbidity-continuous flow injection analysis for the generation of white precipitate via the reaction of fluconazole with phosphotungestic acid, and detecting the attenuation of incident light caused by light colliding with the precipitate surface grain using the NAG-4SX3-3D analyzer to determine turbidity (0-180 ͦ). The linear range extended from 0.01-18 mmol.L-1 for fluconazole measurements were considerably lower than 0.5 RSD % for the repetition (n=6) for the concentration chosen (2, 13 mmol.L-1), with limit of detection=7.5342 ng/sample from the gradual dilution over the lowest concentration on the calibration graph , linear dynamic range (r = 0.9989), (correlation coefficient), percentage linearity (R2 percent = 99.79) traditional approaches (UV-spectrophotometric at λmax=260 nm with linear range (0.001-1) mmol.L-1, r=0.9987, R2=0.9973, R2%=99.73, and turbidimetric method with linear range (0.01-17) mmol.L-1 , r= 0.9869, R2=0.9740,  R2%= 97.40 were compared with the suggested strategy. In comparison to the typical reference method's 10 mm irradiation, it was discovered, in addition to the technique's developed sensitivity and the use of minimal chemicals, that this approach is characterized by a dynamic system, which avoids precipitated particle setting during measurements. The results indicated that the developed method has a wide range of concentration with a high linearity and sensitivity. Furthermore, the continuous dilution in CFIA allows for the management of high or low concentrations, for a wider range of applications. The devised approach is believed to be the most acceptable for fluconazole molecule determination in pure and pharmaceutical formulations when compared with the reference methods. The method used in this research work is a pioneered developed approach and proved its success in determination of fluconazole in pure and pharmaceutical formulations.

Determination of drugs at environmental and biological samples is a critical issue for controlling the effects of a drug on human health and environmental pollution. In the present study, a dispersive solid phase microextraction mode was developed for the preconcentration and cleanup of low amounts of propranolol and metoprolol before their determination with a high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector. Carboxyl functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes supported by magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SWCNT-COOH) were synthesized as a sorbent using a chemical procedure. Various factors affecting the microextraction method such as pH, donor phase volume, extraction desorption time, sorbent quantity solvent type and volume, and stirring rate were evaluated along with improving efficiency. The dynamic linear range of the method for the propranolol and metoprolol determination was 0.1-234 and 0.2-187 mg L-1 with a determination correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9989 and 0.9984, respectively. Besides, the enrichment factor for the determination of propranolol and metoprolol were 283.1 and 278.7, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were turn down by 0.06 and 0.2 for the analyte determination, correspondingly. Intraday and inter-day RSD% were determined for five times to determine propranolol and metoprolol at a concentration of 2.0 ng.mL-1 and were lower than 3.26 and 4.29%, respectively. Determination of propranolol and metoprolol in hospital wastewater, human urine and plasma samples indicated that this proposed method can be employed to analyze the actual samples without the significant matrix effects with a recovery range of 91.0-97.2% and an RSD of less than 5.49%.

Recently, researchers have suggested the use of membranes to separate gases. They found that using Pebax polymer was very suitable for gas separation. This polymer has good properties and good solubility for carbon dioxide absorption. One of the challenges for researchers is how to turn this polymer into a thin layer for usage as a membrane. Therefore, several methods and solvents have been used to make this membrane. Researchers have calculated the carbon dioxide permeability of this polymer and obtained different results. One of the reasons for the non-uniform permeability results for this gas could be the difference in the method of making the thin film. The use of different methods and solvents affects the physical and chemical properties of this polymer. Perhaps the most important parameters during membrane construction are temperature and drying time. In this research, we want to investigate the effect of these two parameters on the final performance. Thus, the membranes were evaluated by XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, and mechanical strength analyses. Finally, the effect of the parameters on the permeability of carbon dioxide and methane was calculated and compared by the Taguchi method.

In this study, some azomethine compounds were prepared from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide with some primary amine derivatives in different ways from the usual methods. The method used in research is utilizing water as solvent instead of any other organic solvent. In addition, lab-made microwave was used instead of hot plate or reflux method. P-hydroxy ethyl benzoate was treated directly with hydrazine hydrate in microwave oven which gave hydrazide derivative in a very short time; hydrazide derivative (1) was reacted with some carbonyl compounds (aldehyde derivatives) to produce of some Schiff base derivatives (compounds 2-14). None of these azomethine derivatives exceeded 10 minutes in lab-made micro wave and using water as solvent. Compounds (2-14) were treated with acetic anhydride in microwave oven to synthesized of some 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (15-23). All compounds high yield, short time, low cost in comparison with traditionally methods. The prepared compounds were characterized by melting points, 1H-NMR, and FT-IR.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ozone treatment on the concentration of the flavor compound 2-AP, the percentage of fatty acids, and the peroxide number in local jasmine rice with reducing pollution rate to microorganisms during storage and preserving the flavor quality compounds. The rice treatment was done with air mixed ozone at a concentration of 30 mg/L. Thus, the percentage of moisture for rice was 14% and 18%. The treatment was carried out for 5 hours for raw rice and 3 hours for white rice and identified the severity of treatment effect before and after milling, and the sample weight was 2 kg. The ozone treatment time was determined depending on the efficiency of eliminating most microorganisms. White rice from raw rice 14% moisture content was treated and ozonized. The percentage of free fatty acids increased from 2.55 to 2.65, the value of the peroxide number from 1.825 to 2.568 milliequivalents per kilogram, and the value of 2-AP extracted from 327 to 339 ng/g. Raw rice and ozone-white rice were treated at both humidity levels, with an insignificant increase in the percentage of free fatty acids and peroxide number after ozone treatment and significant increase after storage, while the flavor compound 2-AP reduced after storage.

Interaction of lomustine with pure C48 and Al-, Si-, Ge-, and Ga-doped C47 nanoclusters was reviewed. The calculation was done using density functional theory (DFT) with the GAMESS software to find an efficient sensor for lomustine detection. The adsorption energy of pure C48 was about -3.35 kcal mol-1. The results indicated weak interaction and sensitivity in the lomustine/C48 complex. In addition, lomustine was adsorbed on the Si-, Al-, Ge-, and Ga-doped C47 nanoclusters. Thermodynamic calculations were shown the interaction between lomustine and Si-, Al-, Ge-, and Ga-doped C47 are spontaneous and exothermic. Although Si-, Al-, Ge-, and Ga-doped C47 demonstrated strong adsorption, only sensitivity increased in Al-doped C47 (reduced from 1.80 eV in Al-doped C47 to 0.75 eV in complex form). Furthermore, Al-doped C47 showed a convenient short recovery time. It was concluded that the Al-doped C47 nanocluster is a good candidate for identifying lomustine drug.

This study investigates the chemical content of rapeseed and its effects on food industry. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oil plants that has a major role in providing human edible oil and it is in the third place in terms of oil consumption in the world. The results indicated that effect of year on the number of silique in the plant, the number of seeds in silique, and anthocyanin were significant, and the second year was allocated with the highest level of these specifications. The best seed yield (2477.02 kg/ha) was belonged to one week after yellowing of silique. The silica spraying led to increase in number of silique in plant, the number of seeds in silique, and seed yield and soluble sugar by 11.8, 31.48, and 24.31%, respectively, and increase in silica and calcium concentrations by 98.64 and 66.55% in silique, respectively. Moreover, it reduced anthocyanin and electrolyte leakage by 55.79%. Silica spraying (6%) demonstrated the highest positive effect. As calcium concentration increased, the number of silique in plant, the number of seeds in silique, seed yield, biological yield, soluble sugar, silica, and calcium concentration in silique, and reduction of anthocyanin and electrolyte leakage increased. Calcium spraying No. 6 showed the highest positive effects in terms of the abovementioned features. The results showed that silica and calcium increased the yield and yield elements, physiological effects, silica and calcium nutrition elements, and reduced the electrolyte leakage. The best treatment was obtained by using 6% of silica and 6% of calcium.