نشریه مطالعات ترجمه قرآن و حدیث
پیاپی 18 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The relationship between the condition "If you fear that you may not maintain justice with orphan girls" and the answer "Then marry women of your choice – two, three, or four" in the al-Nisāʼ/3 is one of the interpretative challenges which caused many translation differences. This condition structure has 7 different translations, focusing on the equivalences of "women, desirable women, orphaned and non-orphaned women, orphan mothers, mature women, women fit in with justice and non-orphan women In the meantime, a criterion for preferring and criticizing translations is needed to have the power to understand and analyze interpretive votes because of the dependence of translation on interpretation. To this aim, was used the analytical-descriptive and Surah’s structural analysis method, in which the Surah is as an intertwined network of different topics with focusing on the contexts. . By this criterion, the seventh species is chosen as the selected translation and can be presented as follows: "If you are afraid that you will not treat orphans in installments, marry women (other than orphans) in two, three and four." Therefore, the crucial achievement of this paper can be considered as providing an in-textual criterion for illuminating the proposed translations for the text of the Qur'an. Therefore, using the verse, context, chapter, surah structures and its intention is the basis for evaluating translations and providing correct translation. Implementation of this method of translation criticism on long Sura al-Nisāʼ in the present study will be an example to prove the constructive effect on criticism and preference of translations throughout the Qur'an.

The element of dialogue is one of the main ways to spread the story and image of the characteristics and representation of situations. In the Holy Qur'an verses, dialogues, especially in the Qur'anic stories have a prominent and frequent place. One of the prominent features of these conversations is the crystallization of personalities various tones, which is based on the arrangement quality of words, signifying the rhetorical elements of the sentence, favor (Iltifāt) and other phonetic ultimatums and techniques formed and indicating the distinctive speech style of each character. The revival of this feature in translation language requires attention to the capacities of the target language and all elements of the word style-making so that the diversity of the characters and the dialogue style and tone of the characters in the target language are represented. The present study aimed to analyze the translator's strategies in conveying Quranic address styles by a descriptive-analytical method and selecting a number of verses based on Quranic dialogues in the reading translation of the Qur'an Ali Maleki. The results indicated that the translator in this translation has tried to recreate the style of conversations with strategies such as paying attention to the stylistic meaning of words, how to combine words in sentences, using added of instincts, using words and speaking interpretations.

One of the Quranic style is the “Maʻtūfun ʻAlayh: Lām Taʻlīl+fiʻl Muḍāriʻ (Maṣdar Muʼawwal Majrūr bi Lām and belongs to the verb existing or ordained in the verse); wāw+ Maʻtūf: Lām Taʻlīl+ fiʻl Muḍāriʻ (Maṣdar Muʼawwal Majrūr belongs to the fiʻl Maʻtūfun ʻAlayh). In these methods, Maʻtūfun ʻAlayh  and Maʻtūf  considering the Lām Taʻlīl is mentioned in them, are the reason for the verb belongs to themselves in the verse. Sometimes in these methods mentioned Maʻtūfun ʻAlayh. Sometimes mentioned Maʻtūfun ʻAlayh method and sometimes deleted. Since God is wise, the elimination of the Maʻtūfun ʻAlayh in this method has wisdom. The present study with the analytical-descriptive method examines this wisdom and its effect on translating these verses. The results indicated that the reason for deleting the Maʻtūfun ʻAlayh is the existence of secrets that the audience cannot understand it, so God almighty has eliminated the Maʻtūfun ʻAlayh to observe the audience position. The author analyzes the reason for removing the subjects of these verses, including the issues of verses express the causes of formative and legal commandment or force and authority that cannot be understood by the people. The combination of these verses is: waw ʻAtf, Lām Taʻlīl+ fiʻl Muḍāriʻ Muʼawwal (Jār wa Majrūr) that is coordinate on Maʻtūfun ʻAlayh  Muqaddar (Jār wa Majrūr) that belongs to the mentioned verb in the verse. This method of composition informs the audience in the verses translation that the mentioned Maʻtūfun ʻAlayh in the verse is not the final reason for the verb belonging to the Lām Taʻlīl, and there are high ends that in the verse have been eliminated.

The present study aimed to analyze the frequent errors in the narrations and hadiths translation of Arabic translation students works to categorize their errors, identify the causes of each type of error and explain their correctness method. To this aim, was used descriptive-analytical method based on the Christian Nord's model for categorizing the translation errors. He divided their errors to four groups of semantic, cultural, linguistic, and specific to the text type. Based on this model, the errors of translators in this study were mean occurrence frequency: semantic (98.3%), specific to the text type (94.3%), linguistic (72.5%) and cultural (55%). Similarly, the reason for their errors in any kind is weakness in these themes: "Reconstruction of logical relationships between sentences in translation," "Transferring the meaning of elements specific to the discourse of hadiths and narratives," "Understanding the linguistic construction of sentences and conveying their exact meaning," and "Conveying the implications of cultural interpretations and cultural elements." Correction of these errors in teaching depends on the use of a systematic set of narratives and hadiths that are categorized based on a variety of errors to improve the translation skills of students in solving the challenges of translating these texts regularly by practicing various samples.

The style of removing the preposition is one of the vital topics in the field of imperative and transitive verbs in the Arabic language. Grammar scholars have discussed about this topic in their grammar books and have explained its types and rules. However, they never look at this topic as one of the expressive Iʻjāz of the Quran and the subtleties and rhetorical aspects and the influence of this syntactic rule in the interpretation and translation of the verses and its semantic aesthetic functions, which according to the Quranic evidence, is very practical and crucial. By using some rhetorical styles, including the removal of the preposition, the Holy Quran highlights significant points in the context, and to clarify the exact meaning of the verses and to understand the beauty of the expression and the greatness of the Quran miracle in the aspect of its rhetoric, pay attention any type of deletion or addition of letters and even the movements. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical method, aimed to study five examples of deleting the preposition in the Quran, the rhetorical, interpretive effect and the effect of the guiding messages of these methods on the translation and interpretation of verses, the study and shortcomings of translations and interpretations of the Qur'an, and in each case, a precise and correct translation and in some cases, a new one based on the correct interpretive approach is presented.

The style of exaggeration, as one of the most frequent syntactic styles, with many latent meanings, has always been the focus of translators. Examining the translation of this style in Nahj al-Balagha, which is a book mixed with eloquent and eloquent expressions, is very important. On the other hand, Catford's theory, as a precise and meticulous theory in translation, can be a good criterion and scale for the semantic analysis of translations of Nahj al-Balagha in the style of exaggeration. This style is used in morphological, syntactic and rhetorical structures; But since one of the cases of use in syntactic structures is in the limitations of present tense and distinction and absolute object, this research has tried to extract these structures from Nahj al-Balagha with descriptive-analytical method and apply them to this theory to determine the degree of conformity or not.The conformity of the existing equivalents in the Persian language to the emphatic structures of the Arabic language in the two translations of Shahidi and Foladvand - as two translations that have a special place in literature - should be determined. After the analyzes carried out in the translation of these two structures, it was observed that, despite the countless cases of distinguishing the subject from the subject or the object, the present tense and the absolute object in Nahj al-Balagha, with the semantic load of exaggeration; Based on this theory, translators have not been able to transfer the meaning of exaggeration from the source language to the target language well

In recent years, translation theories have been used with the aim of systematizing translation criticism in the form of a codified framework for evaluating Quran translations. They have also been able to be effective in this field with different and sometimes similar views. Meanwhile, Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet published a book titled "Comparative Stylistics of French and English" in 1958, which later became an important source for translation scholars. In this work, Vinay and Darbelnet introduced techniques that every translator inevitably uses. After explaining these techniques and their sub-categories, this study addresses the quality of their application in the translations of three translators of Quran (Salehi, Zamani, and Koosha) by a descriptive, analytical, and confrontational method. The aim is to explain the use of Vinay and Darbelnet's translation strategies in the mentioned translations. Findings of the research in the last five parts of Quran show that considering the sanctity of Quran and its special linguistic features, translators have used literal translation, which is one of the components of direct translation, more than other components. The transposition technique, as one of the indirect translation components, has the highest frequency after literal translation due to the difference in grammatical structures of Arabic and Persian. The indirect technique of adaptation also has a lower frequency compared to other components due to cultural similarities between the two languages and prohibition of excessive manipulation in Quran. Among the mentioned translators, Zamani and Koosha have used indirect translation methods more than Salehi.

Semantics is one of the branches of cognitive linguistics, whose main goal is to create a connection between words and abstract and mental concepts through the modeling of human physical actions. In this regard, one of the important methods is the use of image schemas, which were first proposed and explained by Mark Johnson. The visual schema plays a significant role in the audience's understanding of the influence of human interactive relationships with abstract concepts. The Holy Quran is a book in which many abstract concepts such as the unseen, death, soul, types of punishments, types of rewards, etc. are used; Applying the visual schema theory to these verses plays an effective role in inducing the message of the verse to the audience. The upcoming research is written in descriptive-analytical method. The purpose of this research is to show the prominent role of image schemas as one of the semantic tools in abstract concepts in the Quran and concrete for these concepts for the audience. In this regard, the verses referring to reward and eagle have been chosen as examples of abstract concepts in the analytical study, focusing on visual schemas of movement, volume and power schemas, and it is expected that the result will be that volumetric schemas are used in reward. And the eagle has a higher frequency than other schemes.

This article assesses the quality of rhetorical imagery translation of verses 35-40 of Surah An-Nur in selected Persian and English translations using Julian House's approach. The rhetorical imagery of light and darkness is a crucial image related to the concepts of good and evil, with diverse interpretations presented in interpretive books. House's model examines the user and application aspects of the original text to create functional equivalence. The user aspect pertains to language, dialect, time, and domain of function, while the application aspect relates to media and audience. The selection of translations was based on popularity and acceptance among readers and scholars. Results show that all translators have faithfully recreated the rhetorical imagery of this surah in the target language, while adhering to the form and structure of the target language. They have provided a literal translation of these images aligned with the religious goals of the verses. Overall, translators have presented an overt translation of these images, with no significant deviation from the original Quranic text. Translators have translated these images based on the linguistic characteristics of the target culture. Combining approaches may be more effective in evaluating the quality of Persian and English translations of the Quran.

"Ellipsis" brevity is a popular style in natural language. The brief words have compactness Without any defect. A comprehensive review of short discourses in language introduces two types of "linguistic Ellipsis" and "non-linguistic Reduction" brevities. According to semantic studies, "Ellipsis" is the omission of words based on co-text, but "Reduction" is the omission based on the context (=context of the situation and the audience's background knowledge). Linguistic Ellipsis can be discovered by the syntactic and rhetorical styles of the language, but non-linguistic Reduction can be identified only by considering the non-linguistic context. However, there is no specific rule for most interpretations provided for omitted cases. The Holy Qur'an, which was revealed in natural language, has used the style of elimination and reduction as a suitable tool to transfer the messages in the shortest phrases. Therefore, studying and knowing this knowledge becomes essential in understanding and interpreting the Quran, and neglecting it will damage understanding the meanings of the verses. The present article, using the knowledge of "applied semantics" introduces and analyzes the phenomenon of "reduction" along with "ellipsis" to understand and interpret the Holy Quran and has shown that the interpretation of the brief verses of the Quran needs non-linguistic knowledge. Thus, Quarn understanding is only possible by considering both linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge of the verses. Therefore, this truth establishes the possibility of understanding and interpreting all the brief verses of the Quran for the real "Quran Scholars", that is, the Holy Prophet and his Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT).

The examination and critique of translation involve addressing various dimensions of translation, identifying its strengths and weaknesses, and presenting a new style that expands critical strategies and provides a basis for enhancing the quality of translation. Today, there are various theories for critiquing and evaluating translations, one of which is Joseph Malone's theory. Malone introduces strategies such as equivalence (substitution and matching), expansion and reduction, recombination (scattering and condensation), alternation (divergence and convergence), fresh arrangement or encryption, and bridging for translation. In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method, the translations of Arfaʻ, Ostad walī, Āyatī, and Barzī of selected vocabulary and combinations from the Holy Quran are critiqued and examined based on Joseph Malone's pattern. Since the structure of Quranic verses is created based on linguistic, cultural, social, and other criteria, the selected translations are amenable to critique and evaluation based on Malone's approach, which is based on the aforementioned criteria. The research findings indicate that divergence and convergence in different elements of style, emotion, and figurative language are the focus. In the divergence section, most translators, except for Arfaʻ, have determined a suitable equivalent for each interpretation and expression, taking into accounts these elements, and has attempted to create coherence, connection, and convergence of meanings between the original text and the translation. In the convergence section, Quranic expressions, in accordance with this rule, are not reflected in the translation of any of the translators.

Based on recent findings in cognitive sciences, the human mind uses everyday sensory experiences to represent abstract concepts based on concrete concepts. The Quran also exhibits abundant evidence of this conceptualization method. The present study examines two verses from the Quran that are crucial in metaphorical conceptualizations about women and analyzes in the translations of Bakhtiyar and Saffarzadeh in English, as well as recent Persian translations. These metaphors have evolved within a broad spectrum of cultural perceptions and are influenced by prevalent experiences during the time of the Quran's revelation. Concepts such as "Clothing" and "Harvest" are among the fundamental domains that the Quran has utilized to conceptualize the interaction between women and men. In the first step, facilitative mappings in understanding these two metaphorical concepts and the correspondences between the source and target domains are identified. This analysis demonstrates a high degree of systematicity in the linguistic metaphors related to women and represents a desirable cognitive model in the Quranic culture. Furthermore, translations are categorized based on different methods and considering the conceptual elements of the source domains (clothing and harvest) to compare the translators' equivalences. According to the theoretical foundations of the research, successful translation is achieved by selecting equivalents that cover the widest range of the source domain's semantic scope. The research results indicate that among the 24 selected translations, Maleki's equivalence has come closest to this criterion for both conceptual metaphors.