نشریه اقتصاد شهری
سال ششم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The ability of a system, community, or community affected by risks to deal with, absorb, adapt and rehabilitate in time against the effects of a risk and an effective way to protect and restore the important functions and basic structures of society against the crisis. Avari is said to have many dimensions, but the economic dimension of this concept is discussed in the article. And it has always been important in the country, its study is very important in the field of resilience. The process of this research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, type, and type of research method and has an "exploratory approach" to the future. The present study consists of two parts. In the first part, in order to create a database of the basic factors available on economic resilience (data collection and information), environmental scanning technique (study of resistance and print resources, interviews with experts, and monitoring conferences), and a review of the literature used. For this purpose, information was collected through documentary sources, libraries, and surveys and combined with the variables obtained from interviews with urban resilience experts and specialists. In the second part, experts and elites (25 people) were asked to identify the most important key factors affecting the economic resilience of Tabriz within the next 10 years. Finally, by identifying the factors affecting the economic resilience of Tabriz to formulate an aggressive strategy, Comparative, contingency, and defensive strategies were discussed.

Considering the difference in consumption patterns in different urban, rural and semi-urban areas; In the current situation, due to the increase in the number of consumers, the trend towards settlement and urbanization, the change in people's lifestyles, the desire to use luxury goods, the need to access consumer needs due to time constraints, there is always the risk of wasting and reducing resources and energy production forces. And also there has been a concern to improve and optimize the consumption patterns of people in the society. Therefore, semi-urbanization is an important factor on energy efficiency. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of the semi-urbanized population of the country's provinces on the improvement of energy efficiency during the years 1389-1399 using the dynamic spatial econometric technique. In addition to the main variable of semi-urbanization, the effect of some other explanatory variables has also been investigated; Labor force, real GDP, added value of the industrial sector, foreign direct investment, population with high school education and above, degree of trade openness and dependent variable lag have a positive effect on energy efficiency. So that all the variables, except for the width from the origin, have had a statistically significant effect on energy efficiency. Finally, to compare the urban and rural conditions of the mentioned model, an estimate was also made for only urban and rural conditions, which shows the positive effect of the city and Village living is based on energy efficiency.

Urban gardens and forest parks have a lot of ecosystem services, recreation, and tourism for cities, and valuing these services is very necessary because it can show the importance of their protection. In this regard, the aim of this study is to estimate the conservation, heritage, and tourism value of Artesh 06 Garden (former Saltanat Abad Garden) in the east of Tehran. Due to the limitation of visits and the limitation of data, among the valuation methods, the benefit transfer method and alternative cost method were used, and the required data were extracted from previous studies and experiences according to the meta-analysis method. The results show that the value of preservation of heritage services per visitor per year is about 110 thousand Tomans and the value of conservation-tourism services per visitor per year is about 62 thousand Tomans and the total value of the heritage and conservation services and tourism of Artesh 06 Garden is estimated to be about 172 thousand tomans per visitor per year. Therefore, maintaining the 06 Garden in the form of a regeneration scenario can have benefits and annual economic value between 1021 and 1892 billion Tomans for the people of Tehran and Iran.

The ever-increasing population has caused an increase in the demand for transportation in cities and congestion in transportation systems and traffic on the streets. This congestion has significant negative consequences such as increasing environmental pollution, serious damage to the physical and mental health of citizens, waste of time, and a significant amount of fuel waste. Pricing policies as one of the demand management policies are among the solutions that can be used to reduce the external costs caused by the use of motor vehicles. The present study tries to determine the external costs of using urban transportation modes and the equilibrium price for each mode using pricing tools. To determine the equilibrium price, the concept of equilibrium between supply and demand curves has been used. The demand chart is obtained by using the results of the preference questionnaire and modeling and the supply chart is obtained based on social costs (travel time, air pollution, noise pollution, accidents, traffic services, facilities, garbage collection from the network, and consumption of non-renewable resources). The results of the research showed that the equilibrium toll for each hour of presence in the central area during peak hours (morning) is equal to 3408 Tomans; At this toll level, 38% of people refuse to travel by car and use alternative modes (public and non-motorized). The equilibrium price for taxis, buses, and subways is equal to 2797, 2065, and 2921 Tomans respectively; At these price levels, more than half of people continue to use the mentioned modes and the rest use non-motorized modes.

The issue of scarcity and reduction of energy resources in the transportation sector on the one hand, and the air pollution crisis on the other hand, are the most important problems that have plagued the metropolises today. One of the ways to control energy consumption and air pollution in big cities like Mashhad is to develop public transportation, including buses, city trains, and taxis. This research is a descriptive-analytical study, the purpose of which is to compare the impact of the use of city trains and buses in the Mashhad metropolis on air quality in 2010-2019 using the mixed data sampling (MIDAS) regression models. The results indicate that using the city trains reduces the level of pollutants and improves the air quality index. Also, there is an inverse and significant relationship between the energy price variable and the air quality index, and it has been emphasized that the role of the bus is stronger than that of the city train on the air quality index.

In recent decades, citizenship rights have become one of the most complex political and social issues and have attracted the attention of many thinkers and politicians. Satisfaction with citizenship rights makes citizens' participation in urban affairs more stable, continuous, and responsible. Knowing the facilities available in the city for the well-being of citizens, acquaintance with know the duties, goals, and missions of the municipality, as well as getting to know the duties of each of the sub-groups of this institution helps the citizens in better exploitation of the opportunities and situations of well-being and progress. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the satisfaction of citizenship rights with civic participation and the environmental participation of citizens to improve the quality of life of the citizens of Najaf Abad. The statistical population of this research is made up of citizens living in the city of Najaf Abad located in Isfahan province. The sample size was estimated to be 650 people using Cochran's formula. The results show that citizens' satisfaction has a very strong and positive relationship with the performance of the municipality and their participation in civil and social fields with a coefficient of 0.935, and the relationship between citizens' satisfaction and environmental participation is also strong and significant with a coefficient of 0.784.

Technopolis is an urban corridor with a high density of technology-based creative industries and a strong set of government, private and public-private initiatives. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to extract the realization process of Technopolis and its theoretical model presentation. The current research is fundamental and its method is descriptive-exploratory. Its approach is to use meta-synthesis and foundation-data methods and in the framework of qualitative systematic review, it has analyzed the feasibility of Technopolis. The statistical population includes all the articles and documents that were published in relation to the research topic between 1991 and 2022 in reliable scientific databases such as Science Direct, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Emerald, Researchgate, and ProQuest. Systematic sampling method and the process of searching and selecting related articles using various parameters such as title, abstract, content, and method quality have been done. In this process, from 322 primary articles and documents, finally, 62 articles and documents were selected for meta-synthesis. The largest number of selected articles and documents was related to the period of 2015-2022 (34 cases equivalent to more than 50% of all research articles and documents). The results show 76 codes related to the realization process of Technopolis, which are divided into 12 categories consisting of Technopolis positioning factors; basic technology; the role of the university; drivers of regional innovation; specialized cluster; company size; industrial accumulation; social networks; stakeholders; the expansion of the market, urban planning, and finally the multidimensional and interwoven layers of technopolis. The comparative analysis of the types of technopolises shows that there are two main types of technopolises. The first type is technopolises such as Silicon Valley and Sophia Antipolis with a global function that manages information and communication technology management at the global level. The second type is technopolises such as Zhongguancun and One North, which have a local and regional function in the field of technology production, and at the same time are moving towards a global function. Finally, the findings led to the identification of the causal conditions, background conditions, intervening conditions, key dimensions, consequences, and strategies for the realization of technopolis.

The issue of housing and rent, lessor and tenant, and government policies are among the issues affecting the current society. This issue has always been raised in the second Pahlavi period. With the increasing development and expansion of the city of Tehran in the second Pahlavi period, the issue of housing was one of the most important social issues the government was facing. The increase in housing construction costs had caused the government to take policies such as building new houses, granting bank facilities to buyers, determining the rent ceiling, etc., to get out of this crisis. This research is based on descriptive and analytical methods, and it uses documentary data and daily press reports to answer the basic questions, what were the most important causes of housing price increase in the last years of the Pahlavi regime? What measures did the Pahlavi government take to solve the housing crisis? And how effective were these actions in solving this crisis? The results of the research indicate that the increase in migration from villages and other cities to Tehran, the high cost of construction materials and wages, the lack of a specific policy on housing, along with the specific political conditions of the country, caused Tehran to face a strange crisis in terms of housing. The price of real estate had increased a lot, and the lack of foreign transactions, the increase in money, and the decrease in its value caused some people to look for the stock market on real estate, and as a result, the rent increased dramatically.

In recent years, the physical development of the city of Kermanshah can be seen in indicators such as horizontal expansion or external development, the per capita non-realization of service spaces - suggested by the comprehensive plan, and the lack of fair distribution of services. The result of this issue is housing and its instability in access to economic indicators with features such as lack of access and quality, economic inability, absence or deficiency in monitoring construction, which has led to the instability of the housing sector. According to the nature of the subject and its general purpose, the present research was of a descriptive and analytical type and based on survey and interview methods and expert-oriented questionnaire tools, including 50 experts with a purposeful sampling method. In order to measure the influence of 25 economic components of sustainable housing, t-test and regression in SPSS software and spatial autocorrelation and spatial clustering analysis in ArcGIS have been used. According to the results, the variables of bank credit facilities and subsidies have a far greater contribution compared to other variables in predicting the dependent variable, so that a unit change in the standard deviation of bank credit facilities and subsidies causes the standard deviation of the dependent variable (stable housing) to Change the size of 56 and 50%. While a unit change in the standard deviation of the wholesale and retail variable of construction materials only causes the standard deviation of the dependent variable to change by 2%. Also, the bank credit facility variable is the only variable that shows a significance level of 0.05 and this variable can have a significant effect on sustainable housing. the results of spatial autocorrelation, while there are spatial effects in the model, the difference of sustainable housing indicators in the 8 regions of Kermanshah metropolis with three factors of distance, degree of concentration and access factor is significant at a high level. According to the statistics of the spatial dependence test, the shock caused by the price change of one region has spread to other regions, and its significant relationship with other physical and social components of housing, especially the pattern of distribution or population density, tells.