نشریه مطالعات نقد ادبی
پیاپی 44 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

Discourse analysis is an intertextual research analyzing the texts according to its context of situation. The poetry has been studied according to Holliday’s theory on Systematic-functional linguistics based on descriptive-analytical approach for revealing hidden layers. First, the poetry has been divided into four parts after describing ideational, interpersonal and textual meta-functions. Then each one was analyzed by drawing tables and frequency research. Finally, the whole poetry was annotated as a coherent text. The results indicate that the poetry has been written in realistic and objective vision and dynamism. The poetry has assumed few bipolar atmosphere by high frequency of the participants (I & You). The plenty usage of indicative mood shows poet’s confidence on her words and the high frequency of present tenses makes more influence on readers to their agreements. The poetry was written opposing to dominant discourse of the time: more attention to technology and less on spirituality.

Since the beginning of writing and with emerging thinking in the human society,e especially in humanity sciences, the writing and thinking were intracting in different manners in various places and times. Also , this was a bit common in Iran. It could be said that this was observed for these recent hundred years and has been recently established as the thinking trends. Clearly , the way for emerging their own thoughts by using their thoughts. Additionally , they followed the political, social and cultural thoughts through the thinking frameworks through of story styles. Among the authors, Hosshang Golshiri was Specially credited. With regarding the social , Political and cultural aspects interacting on each other and with a gesture on the political, social positions of the previous periods, his stories will be analyzed in terms of the contemporary thinking  approaches.It will be clarified that he was strongly influenced by the trends while also he himself  was influencing on the trends.

This study examine the fictional role and functions of heroes and villains in folk tales according to the works of Samad Behrangi and according to Propp’s theory and also examine classification or idolize of heroes and villains and analyze and explain the role and fictional role of heroes and villains in mentioned works. Samad Behrangi is a contemporary writer that influenced by folklore and Azeri national literature has written stories for children in the field of social issues and since in folk tales structure of text fined identity in confrontation between the hero and villains and the role of heroes in the stories is fighting with evil and villains characters and role of villains is the stories is creating type of disaster or making damage and loss, according to this role and fictional function of heroes and villains in the works of Samad Behrangi  are described and analyzed and some tables have been drawn. Therefore, according to the performed studies, it can be concluded that the heroes and the villains in these works have a simple and uniform state that is less transformative and the heroes are more likely to reach out with external factors and goals and also in some cases overlapping of the role of the villains and assistants can be observed.

The contemplation poetry is nowdays considearbl as one of the important poetic schools especially in Arabic literature, which has lots of influence in modern Arabic literature. In this type of literature, the poet try to challenge thought via talent and elegance.Ilia Abu Mazi is one of the best representatives of contemplations poetry and the field of his thought and questions are very different and variable. In present investigation, we decide to reflect and manifest parts of thinking backgrounds and deliberations of the profound deep-sighting immigrant Ilia Abu Mazi. We try to focuse on one of the most important elegiace poem of Ilia Abu mazi (Talasem) in view of religious instructions in order to answer for his questions using Qoran.

Combining the literary thoughts and the poetic concepts of poets from different nations have been the wonders of literature regardless the the reflection of poem and literature on one specific nation. One of the functions of adoptive literature is to consider the effets,similarities and differences. The present research is based on analytical-descriptive method and founded on American adoptive literature. The literary motifs of Ahmad Shamlu the Persian poet, and Nazar Ghabani,the Arab poet, have been studied in this article. The most important indicators of romanticism include imaginatio,individualism,turning to nature,love and thinking to death. Thus,they have been adopted in the poems of the two poets. The findings of the research indicate that the two poets have had deep power of imagination. Nazar has been more successful to apply the poetic surface structure and poetic  techniques.While,Shamlu has been more successful to affect his imagination on the words meanings and creating different concept and the deep structure. Other indications of romanticism on their poets is returning to nature and mingling love with nature.However,the type of love that Shamlu learned by nature is to love all humans,but Nazar thinks that it makes him feel closer to his lover. On another word;Iranian poets have a vast and global look toward nature ,whereas the Arab poet has a subjective and limited look. Moreover,the two poets have considered individualism and self- exploration in their poems

One of the major issues in the theory of structuralism dealt with the relationship between language, narration and the manifestation of "time" in the narration. Amongst the narratologists, Gérard Gennet has been suggested the most comprehensive discussion of the components of time, as "Anachronism" between the story and the text that the temporal connection between them consist of three types: 1-discipline, 2. Continuity and 3. Frequency. This paper aims to analyze through the collected Stories of "Mohammad Rahim Okhovvat" including: "The problem Mr. understanding", "Not to be", "Names and shadows", "84 stories ","Watching "," The autumn "," Borderless of the borderless "," The spring ","The sun" and "doom or seven labors of life", from the viewpoint of "Time", based on the theories of the "Gérard Gennet".  A comparative study of the above works has been mentioned by the most concerning on the "time" with the views "of Gerard Gennet". As a result, the works "Mohammad Rahim Okhovvat" are mainly made of “scattered stories" or "pseudo-memories" rather than "novels". These stories have a reporting structure species and the least amount of complexity relating to time, place, and narration. The same subject, makes difficult matching the Gerard Gennet's theory and the views of "narration" particularly in the field of "Anachronism" in his works. In terms of "Time", the narrations of "Mohammad Rahim Okhovvat" are provided mainly from linear form, gestures or actions taken consecutive manner further to narrative complexity (in terms of Anachronism).