نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 45 (اسفند 1399)

In this article, we seek to define the relationship between human rights and security and national sovereignty by defining the two concepts, and in fact to criticize the approach that human rights undermine the sovereignty and national security of states. In this regard, the authors assume that human rights can be a factor in strengthening national unity and thus strengthening sovereignty and national security. Human rights should be considered as a general and universal norm, not a regional or specific norm, and this depends on the interpersonal relations that make and pay for it.First, with a look at human rights and then with a view to international politics, we have explained the concepts of human rights and national sovereignty and the evolution of these concepts through the observance and guarantee of human rights. Finally, the constructivist approach and boomerang theory are designed and concluded on this basis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the impact of virtual networks on the electoral behavior of presidential voters in Guilan province. The purpose of the present study was developmental research. Also, this research was applied in terms of achievement or research result and terms of the descriptive-survey information collection method. In this study, the statistical population includes 20 people including scientific experts and organizational experts, which was considered using the Delphi sampling method. In this study, a questionnaire was used to collect information in two parts. In the qualitative part, a questionnaire was prepared to receive the opinions of experts and to create a convergence between the opinions through the Delphi method, which was distributed among the experts by e-mail and manually, as necessary. The Delphi questionnaire was presented and the indicators were scored in the form of a 5-point Likert spectrum, and then at the end of it, an open-ended question was used to provide comments and suggestions to improve the pattern. Findings showed that, in Guilan province, in the elections of the tenth, eleventh and twelfth periods, virtual networks had a significant effect on the electoral behavior of voters.

With the emergence of concepts such as good governance as one of the basic conditions for sustainable development, the issue of monitoring and accountability of public relations organizations as one of the characteristics of good governance has become increasingly important. Today, many countries face many problems in controlling public spending. We are looking for an efficient and effective solution with a descriptive method of the document collection according to content analysis. How to control public spending in France can provide a good model and should be examined; by what means has the French Court of Auditors achieved a com p e he n s i v e financial discipline from a legal point of view? Budget control is the most important tool for controlling public spending. In France, any institution that uses public funds falls under the jurisdiction of the Court of Audit, which has features such as independence, the use of collective wisdom, and the principle of correspondence with a decentralized body through public reporting to control public spending.

In the period of geopolitical transition, each country establishes its position in the pyramid of global power based on the activities and successes achieved in this period. In this study, the main purpose is to identify strategies to maximize Iran's regional power in the geopolitical transition period in West Asia, and the research question is how Iran can increase its regional power in the geopolitical transition period? The type of applied research and the method of conducting research is descriptive and case-contextual. The results show that Iran can maximize its regional power in the geopolitical transition period by taking advantage of geopolitical opportunities and advantages of the transitional period by formulating a geopolitical strategy and implementing regional networking and establishing active access to its network of regional brokers as well as internalizing power against threats.

Politically, educational planning leads to the expansion of the vision of politicians and planners in the field of the educational system, creating a change in social structure. Accordingly, the goals of the schools could be achieved. The first challenge is to prepare a preliminary list of indicators based on which the ranking is designed. Therefore, the present descriptive-comparative study has been conducted to compare educational ranking policies in the United States and Canada to extract a list of indicators for designing a comprehensive education system in Iran. First, the ranking systems in the selected countries were studied, then the indicators of the ranking systems in the two countries were presented in the form of tables. The results show that ranking systems in different countries and even one country use a variety of indicators to provide a picture of school performance.

Individualism is one of the social, cultural, and cultural issues that deserve the attention of modern society. Globalization as a surging wave has transformed the relations and relations of countries and governments and has rapidly created complex links between cultures and human societies. Therefore, this research was conducted with a qualitative and quantitative approach, using contextual and survey theory and with an applied purpose. Using the grounded theory method, data from interviews with 20 experts and elites of Ghavamin Bank and the academic community who had executive backgrounds in decision-making levels were obtained. In terms of survey method, questionnaires were distributed and measured among 342 employees of Ghavamin Bank. The effective factors obtained in the qualitative sector include attitude, responsibility, the culture of reasoning, timely thinking, and job security. In the quantitative part, it was found that there was a significant relationship between the obtained components and positive individualism. Despite the positive individualism, anti-productivity behaviors can be prevented and the globalization of human resource management and production leaps can be achieved.

The purpose of this article is to examine the policies of legal regulation of the financial market by changing the structure of governments at the international level. Findings show that regulation is a means of exercising state sovereignty that leads to government intervention to create public interests in the market and the economy by using a variety of regulatory and policy-making methods. The welfare state-provided services without government intermediaries, directly governing the government itself, but by changing the system of governments to state-regulatory, governments indirectly oversaw economic and financial affairs, and government regulators played a regulatory role. But with the creation of a super-regulatory government, this trend has changed, with market regulation and economic regulation leaving its organs independent command, and the government only overseeing these regulators.

Advertising is an important part of business today. The use of false information in advertising will mislead consumers or other competitors. The media and its diversity in cyberspace have increased their influence in the social arena and commercial advertising. To enter and be welcomed by the producers, and due to lack of awareness and due to lack of supervision and lack of laws and codified in this area, as well as due to the falsity of these advertisements, it becomes necessary. Therefore, in this article, we intend to discuss the issue of false propaganda and its effects and consequences from the perspective of jurisprudence and law, and in case of damages, it will be compensated to protect the rights of individuals.

Detention is one of the most important powers conferred on criminals to effectively combat crime. In parallel with the exercise of this power by those authorities, possibly, the final proceedings will not lead to a conviction. The question that arises, in this case, is whether an innocent defendant can claim damages for the duration of his detention? Despite the grievances of some opponents, the arguments of the proponents of compensation are even stronger. In particular, compensation is in line with the principle of a fair trial, and ethics requires that the injustice to be compensated. Accordingly, in the French criminal procedure system since 1970 and Iran since 1392, this institution has been recognized. Therefore, despite some differences in substantive and formal conditions, in some cases, there are similarities between the regulations of these two systems.

One of the most important kinds of smuggling that increases economic crime is the smuggling of goods and currency. Smuggling of goods can be investigated from various economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions by considering domestic and international law. The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of goods smuggling from the perspective of international economic law with an emphasis on the legal status of Iran. The Anti-Trafficking in Goods and Foreign Exchange Law the Nairobi Conventions, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization, define the smuggling of goods and currency and its various dimensions. The destructive and harmful effects of smuggling on sustainable development include declining employment, increasing economic crime, cultural aggression, corruption, the class gap in society. To prevent such harmful effects, effective domestic and international judicial oversight can be taken by passing new laws or amending past ones. It prevented the smuggling of goods into the country through economic supervision and border control.

The government is one of the most important human institutions that has broader and more comprehensive goals than other organizations, institutions, or groups, and its main goal is to ensure the public good. The basis of the government's intellect is the pursuit of the public interest, and public policy as an area of government’s will or action must focus on achieving this basis by using the best possible solution. The present study tries to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method, how can the responsibility and performance of the government towards social security policy in Iran be explained and evaluated? Findings show that the performance and responsibility of the government in the field of social security policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran based on the reactionary and emotional attitude, supportive interp re ta ti on, non-compliance with the law and the legal duty of individuals in the public interest and based on the approach Minor-gradual (protective) changes can be explained and evaluated

The increasing advancement of technology has synchronized trade with new types of contracts, which are called electronic contracts. The use of electronic contracts has expanded to the point where, in the vast majority of contracts, the use of electronic methods has replaced traditional contracts. Speed, ease, and reliability are the hallmarks of online transactions. In Iran, which is not far behind other societies, the use of such transactions is so strong that in contracts; My Tehran (purchase agreement between the municipality and car owners), Snap, and other available websites that are used to purchase even the smallest items through electronic contracts. Apart from all the contradictions in the e-commerce law, in cases of interpretation and dispute, it has referred to the international feature of the need to develop coordination between countries for good faith and observance of consumer rules and regulations, which has little place in Iranian legal rules.

The Trial in consent judgment is an important, challenging, and controversial issue in contemporary legal systems on the one hand and in international criminal courts and domestic law on the other. Each of the criminal justice systems has reasons and justifications for allowing or prohibiting trials in the consent judgment. To review and apply the trial in consent judgment in international criminal law with the criminal law of Iran, in this article, an attempt has been made to study the issue of "issuing absentee verdicts and their principles and effects in international criminal law and Iranian law". In the present article, which has been done by the descriptive-analytical method and using library sources and texts, it was concluded that the prohibition of trial in a consent judgment, which is considered in international criminal law, is one of the most obvious issues that guarantee a fair trial.

Today, the payment of prices in international trade is done with letters of credit. Examining the status of this type of payment method and its compliance with jurisprudential and legal institutions shows the importance of the issue of civil liability around letters of credit. Our rights are largely derived from jurisprudence. In some cases, in line with European law, there is a tendency towards financial compensation, but in jurisprudence, there is a tendency towards objective compensation. The question is what kind of civil liability is in documentary credit? To fulfill civil liability, the harmful act in coercive guarantee and breach of contract are considered. Due to the absence of a contract between the beneficiary and the bank, the non-contractual beneficiary and other responsibilities are subject to the rules of contractual liability and the principles governing letters of credit. The present study is conducted by descriptive-analytical method.

Viral marketing is one of the new marketing techniques that by providing solutions can help political activists and reduce the cost of advertising to increase its effectiveness, which has a good effect on the delivery of political messages. The present study was conducted with an interdisciplinary approach in two areas of marketing and politics to present a viral recovery model in the Iranian Parliamentary election in the tenth and eleventh terms. This research was conducted qualitatively and using the Foundation's data theory. Ten members of parliament were selected to be interviewed. The main question is to answer the question: What will be the viral recovery model in the elections of the Iranian parliament in the tenth and eleventh terms? The positive effect of the results is the use of viral marketing in the election campaign and the creation of a strong polar atmosphere to increase participation in the election to gain a successful and fruitful victory.

Cyberspace, which has recently turned the world into a small village, is a crime-ridden environment. Connecting to cyberspace has added to the complexity and created new social issues for criminals and the founders of the criminal justice system. The main purpose of this article is to identify and explain the very serious and dangerous phenomenon of cyber terrorism, expressing the threats to government and industrial infrastructure, and to provide appropriate and advanced government enforcement solutions to prevent and combat cyber terrorism. Finally, regarding cyberspace in Iran and solutions to counter cyber terrorism, we can refer to all the measures taken by the executive branch to prevent cyber terrorism, and undoubtedly the development of local industries with new technologies such as cloud computing and service-oriented architecture are most important factor in creating national security.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the possibility of criminalization, legalization, compensation, and prevention of crimes against the moral validity of legal entities in the law of Iran and the United Kingdom. This article seeks to answer, through an analytical and descriptive method and with library tools, the question of whether a crime can occur against the reputation and credibility of legal entities in the laws of these two countries. Based on the findings of this study, the possibility of committing a crime against the credibility and reputation of legal entities in the rights of both countries has been recognized. Crime against reputation has been recognized as a civil offense and is guaranteed to be a civil offense.

Depending on the structure of sports institutions, different judicial authorities are used to deal with violations and to resolve disputes. Despite the specific international rules of the sport in the laws of countries, it is difficult to provide a fair trial. The question is whether, despite the rules of the governing body, the sport has benefited from other mechanisms of the judiciary. In this article, we discuss the various mechanisms of litigation in sport by comparing the transnational judgment system. Despite the tightening of laws, judicial systems, and principles of procedure, in addition to the general national courts, national non-judicial and transnational judicial authorities have been used. Despite the development of dispute resolution methods in international authorities, laws and regulations regarding non-judicial litigation mechanisms face many gaps.

Today, one of the axes of sales development is looking at the territory of the seller from tangible to intangible property. The Convention on the International Sale of Goods does not provide a definition of "sale" and under the provisions of the United States Commercial Code, a contract of sale is an ownership contract and the buyer becomes the owner of the goods in return for payment. The method of research is analytical-descriptive and the question is whether the development of the territory of the seller from tangible to the intangible property conflicts with the legal system of our country or the concept of sale is different in the International Convention on American Commercial Code? The hypothesis seems that the development of the concept of sale by expanding the territory of the seller from tangible to intangible property, without conflicting with the legal system of our country, is justifiable.

The pathology of a comprehensive social security system is a necessity and the design of any comprehensive system requires the establishment of acceptable and efficient basic principles. These principles are basic strategies. The social security system has a set of legal principles such as the principle of inclusiveness, equality and government guarantee. The main question of the present study is what harms the social security system of the Islamic Republic of Iran in terms of legal principles governing it. The hypothesis of the research is based on the fact that the pathology of the social security system can show a general framework and the main characteristics of a dynamic and comprehensive social security and be a way to form a comprehensive system of welfare and social security in society. This study aims to change the social security system through its pathology.